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Role and fate of PML nuclear bodies in response to interferon and viral infections

Abstract

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of secreted proteins with antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities. The different biological actions of IFN are believed to be mediated by the products of specifically induced cellular genes in the target cells. The promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) protein localizes both in the nucleoplasm and in matrix-associated multi-protein complexes known as nuclear bodies (NBs). PML is essential for the proper formation and the integrity of the NBs. Modification of PML by the Small Ubiquitin MOdifier (SUMO) was shown to be required for its localization in NBs. The number and the intensity of PML NBs increase in response to interferon (IFN). Inactivation of the IFN-induced PML gene by its fusion to retinoic acid receptor alpha alters the normal localization of PML from the punctuate nuclear patterns of NBs to micro-dispersed tiny dots and results in uncontrolled growth in Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia. The NBs-associated proteins, PML, Sp100, Sp140, Sp110, ISG20 and PA28 are induced by IFN suggesting that nuclear bodies could play a role in IFN response. Although the function of PML NBs is still unclear, some results indicate that they may represent preferential targets for viral infections and that PML could play a role in the mechanism of the antiviral action of IFNs. Viruses, which require the cellular machinery for their replication, have evolved different ways to counteract the action of IFN by inhibiting IFN signalling, by blocking the activities of specific antiviral mediators or by altering PML expression and/or localization on nuclear bodies.

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Abbreviations

PML:

pro-myelocytic leukaemia

APL:

acute promyelocytic leukaemia

SUMO:

Small Ubiquitin MOdifier

PKR:

protein kinase RNA-dependent

IRF:

interferon regulatory factor

IFN:

interferon

ISGs:

IFN-stimulated genes

STATs:

signal transducers and activators of transcription

NBs:

nuclear bodies

ISRE:

IFN-stimulated response element

GAS:

IFNγ- activated site

ISGF3:

IFN-stimulated gene factor 3

IFNAR1:

IFN-α receptor1

IFNAR2:

IFN-α receptor2

IFNGR1:

IFN-γ receptor1

IFNGR2:

IFN-γ receptor2

EMCV:

encephalomyocarditis

VSV:

vesicular stomatitis virus

HSV:

herpes simplex virus

LCMV:

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

HTLV-1:

human T cell leukaemia virus type1

HDV:

hepatitis delta virus

Tas:

transactivator of spumaviruses

HFV:

human foamy virus

HCV:

hepatitis C virus

HPV:

human papilloma virus

HCMV:

human cytomegalovirus

HCV:

hepatitis C virus

LTR:

long terminal repeats

IP:

internal promoter

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Acknowledgements

We thank Roger Everett and all our colleagues from UPR 9045 of Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from CNRS and Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer.

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Correspondence to Mounira K Chelbi-Alix.

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Regad, T., Chelbi-Alix, M. Role and fate of PML nuclear bodies in response to interferon and viral infections. Oncogene 20, 7274–7286 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1204854

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