Abstract
THE formation of ice on the bottom of a river or stream has occasioned much comment and often scepticism in the minds of scientific men. Instead of ice forming on the surface of the water and growing downwards, we find, in circumstances now well understood, ice forming on the bottom and growing upwards. The phenomenon has been observed in all countries where ice is formed, and has been given various names. In Europe it is called ground-ice or bottom-ice (glace-du-fond, grund-eis), but we often find local names, such as ground-gru and lappered-ice. The term anchor-ice evidently originated in America, for the first record of its use seems to be by a writer in the “Encyclopaedia Americana,” published in 1831. The term is universally used in the United States and in Canada.
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BARNES, H. Formation of Ground- or Anchor-Ice, and other Natural Ice . Nature 78, 102–104 (1908). https://doi.org/10.1038/078102c0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/078102c0