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Gene transcription initiation is a highly regulated process in which Pol II and general transcription factors assemble into a pre-initiation complex. Structural studies of yeast and human initiation complexes shed light on the role of the first nucleosome flanking gene promoters in controlling the transcription machinery.
Craspase is newly identified type III CRISPR–Cas system with two major components: the nuclease Cas7-11, and the protease TPR-CHAT. Craspases perform a delicate balancing act between nuclease and protease activity to achieve immune tolerance and defense in bacteria, and show promise as highly regulatable genome-editing tools.
