Volume 13 Issue 12, December 2017

Patients with prodromal Parkinson disease (PD) are most likely to respond to disease-modifying strategies. To date, cognitive impairment has been viewed as a complication of late-stage disease, but a longitudinal analysis of data from the Rotterdam cohort raises the possibility that such impairments are also associated with prodromal PD.

A compelling need exists for a more reliable risk evaluation of natalizumab- associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). A new report proposes a refined protocol that uses updated patient-based data and cumulative risk evaluation to provide an improved assessment of the annual risk of PML for patients positive for JC virus.

In the ongoing search for new and better migraine treatments, human models have a key role in the discovery of novel targets for antimigraine drugs. This Review summarizes existing experimental models of migraine in humans, and describes the development and use of these models in the identification of key molecular pathways, biomarkers and drug targets.

The causes of migraine remain unknown despite the high prevalence and societal burden of this disorder. Here, the authors highlight how advances in imaging and genetic studies of migraine provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of this disorder; furthermore, they discuss the potential for genetic and imaging biomarkers to improve our ability to prevent and treat migraine attacks.

Inadequate remyelination is central to degeneration and disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, all currently approved therapies for MS are primarily immunomodulatory. Here, Martin Stangel and colleagues review our current knowledge of remyelination in MS, discuss results from clinical trials of remyelination-enhancing therapies, and evaluate the opportunities for future regenerative treatments.

The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized cancer immunotherapy, but these agents carry a high risk of immune-related adverse events. Here, the authors introduce the mechanisms of action of ICIs and review their adverse effects on the CNS, which result in conditions such as paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and multiple sclerosis.