Browse Articles

Here, the authors explain how the specificity and magnitude of the primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is determined during a viral infection. They discuss the different factors that influence the recruitment and expansion of naive CTL precursors, and they explain how technological advances have enabled a more accurate quantitation of these responses.

γδ T cells have unique specificities, high clonal frequencies and a pre-activated differentiation status that allow rapid and non-redundant responses to tumours. Here, the authors review their often contrasting roles in cancer and the opportunities for γδ T cell-based cancer therapies.

Ruslan Medzhitov describes a 2002 paper by Craig Thompson and colleagues that brought the concept of Warburg metabolism to lymphocytes.

John O'Shea describes a 2000 paper by Roggeet al. that was the first to compare the transcriptomes of human T_H1 cells and T_H2 cells.

The rapid response of innate immune cells requires metabolic reprogramming to support their specific effector functions. As discussed here, mTOR is a key regulator of this process: it senses the environmental and intracellular nutritional status of innate immune cells to dictate and optimize the inflammatory response.

Neutrophils guide CD8⁺T cells into virus-infected tissue by leaving a trail of membrane particles enriched for CXCL12.

This Review describes our current understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses in the urinary tract and how immunomodulatory therapies could provide benefit in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance among uropathogens.

This Review focuses on the lesser studied antigen-presenting molecules group 1 CD1 proteins and MHC class I-related protein (MR1). The authors explain how their mode of presentation of lipids and small molecules to T cells differs from that of peptide–MHC presentation, and how new technologies are revealing unique T cell subsets that are specific for CD1 and MR1 proteins.

This Review describes the host immune response toCandida fungal infections. The authors detail the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, as well as the non-immune mechanisms, that are involved in the antifungal response. They also discuss emerging evidence suggesting that both innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to immune memory against Candidaspecies.

Regulatory T cells have a non-redundant role in tissue repair that is distinct from their suppressive functions.

The epigenetic modifier TET2 is required to repress interleukin-6 gene transcription and resolve inflammation.

The transcription factor ATF7 mediates epigenetic changes that lead to innate immune memory.

Here, the authors review new insights into the diverse and pleiotropic roles of cytokines at different stages of colorectal cancer development and progression, emphasizing mutations and epigenetic adaptations that influence the oncogenic potential of cytokines and summarizing the challenges posed by complex cytokine networks for cancer immunomodulatory therapy.

The intestinal microbiota activates pathogenic T cells in a model of autoimmune uveitis.

The mucosal immune system supports intestinal commensalism in multiple ways.

Malaria infection modifies endemic Burkitt lymphomas by inducing a prolonged expansion of germinal centre B cell numbers.

Nucleic acid-sensing receptors are crucial for initiating protective immune responses against viruses, but aberrant activation of these receptors can also drive pathological inflammation. In this Review, the authors discuss the new agonists and antagonists that are being developed to target these receptors in the clinic.

The cytoskeleton is important for both cell structure and cell function. In this Review, the authors summarize the emerging roles of cytoskeletal components in sensing and eliminating bacterial pathogens from host cells.

The first demonstration of memory NK cells in a primate species that mount a durable antigen-specific response over a period of several years.