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Reconciliation of halogen-induced ozone loss with the total-column ozone record

Nature Geoscience volume 7, pages 443–449 (2014)Cite this article

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Abstract

The observed depletion of the ozone layer from the 1980s onwards is attributed to halogen source gases emitted by human activities. However, the precision of this attribution is complicated by year-to-year variations in meteorology, that is, dynamical variability, and by changes in tropospheric ozone concentrations. As such, key aspects of the total-column ozone record, which combines changes in both tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, remain unexplained, such as the apparent absence of a decline in total-column ozone levels before 1980, and of any long-term decline in total-column ozone levels in the tropics. Here we use a chemistry–climate model to estimate changes in halogen-induced ozone loss between 1960 and 2010; the model is constrained by observed meteorology to remove the effects of dynamical variability, and driven by emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors to separate out changes in tropospheric ozone. We show that halogen-induced ozone loss closely followed stratospheric halogen loading over the studied period. Pronounced enhancements in ozone loss were apparent in both hemispheres following the volcanic eruptions of El Chichon and, in particular, Mount Pinatubo, which significantly enhanced stratospheric aerosol loads. We further show that approximately 40% of the long-term non-volcanic ozone loss occurred before 1980, and that long-term ozone loss also occurred in the tropical stratosphere. Finally, we show that halogen-induced ozone loss has declined by over 10% since stratospheric halogen loading peaked in the late 1990s, indicating that the recovery of the ozone layer is well underway.

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Figure 1: Time evolution of global total ozone.
Figure 2: Time evolution of polar springtime total ozone.
Figure 3: Time evolution of halogen-induced ozone loss.
Figure 4: Quantification of chemical amplification of total ozone variability.
Figure 5: Comparison of stratospheric partial column ozone changes with observations.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Canadian Space Agency through the CMAM20 project, with additional institutional support from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis who provided the model code and supercomputing time.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6BB, UK

    T. G. Shepherd & M. I. Hegglin

  2. Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment Canada, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada

    D. A. Plummer & J. F. Scinocca

  3. Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada,

    V. E. Fioletov

  4. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada

    M. C. Reader

  5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681-2199, USA

    E. Remsberg

  6. Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

    T. von Clarmann

  7. School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0340, USA

    H. J. Wang

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  1. T. G. Shepherd
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Contributions

T.G.S. conceived the experiment, interpreted the results, and wrote the paper; D.A.P. performed the diagnostic analysis and devised the bias-correction procedure; J.F.S. devised and implemented the nudging procedure used to perform the experiments; M.I.H. performed the analysis of stratospheric partial column ozone and contributed to the writing; V.E.F. processed and provided the ground-based data and contributed to the interpretation; M.C.R. performed the simulations; and E.R., T.v.C. and H.J.W. processed and provided the LIMS, MIPAS and SAGE data, respectively.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. G. Shepherd.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Shepherd, T., Plummer, D., Scinocca, J. et al. Reconciliation of halogen-induced ozone loss with the total-column ozone record. Nature Geosci 7, 443–449 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2155

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