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The quasi-biennial oscillation and Madden–Julian oscillation are strongly connected during boreal winter, typified by a more active and persistent Madden–Julian oscillation during easterly quasi-biennial oscillation phases. This Review outlines the characteristics and potential mechanisms of this coupling, as well as the implications for seasonal-to-seasonal prediction.
With the landing of the Perseverance rover and the search for biosignatures on Mars, it is important to understand how these signs of life can be preserved and interpreted. This Review describes these signatures on Earth and how terrestrial analogues can inform the search for signs of life on early Mars.
Mantle plumes are an integral aspect of Earth’s convection system, yet, difficulty in imaging mantle upwellings led to controversies surrounding their origin, dynamics and composition. This Review synthesizes geophysical, geodynamic and geochemical constraints on mantle plumes and their importance in the Earth system.
An article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences explored the potential for strike-slip earthquakes to generate large tsunamis in narrow or shallow bays.
How glaciers affect mountain height, and the links between climate and glacial erosion in mountains, are debated. This Review describes the erosion of mountains by glaciers and the broader impacts of these processes.
Nature-based climate solutions can help meet climate mitigation goals, but estimates of their carbon storage potential vary. This Review discusses the constraints and potential contributions of increasing carbon storage in the terrestrial biosphere, suggesting a conservative estimate of 100–200 GtCO2 in negative emissions to 2100.
Minerals and organic matter interact in soils and sediments, impacting biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functioning. This Review describes the major and emerging environmental mineral–organic interactions observed, and their implications for organic matter persistence.
Repeated amalgamation and dispersal of continents over Earth history is known as the supercontinent cycle; however, the geodynamic processes driving this cyclicity remain debated. This Review synthesizes observations, plate reconstructions and geodynamic models of supercontinent, and older Archaean supercraton, cycles.
An article in Earth and Planetary Science Letters reports detailed magma movement through dikes during a rift episode in 2017 at the Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland.
Initialized climate predictions offer distinct benefits for multiple stakeholders. This Review discusses initialized prediction on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S), seasonal to interannual (S2I) and seasonal to decadal (S2D) timescales, highlighting potential for skilful predictions in the years to come.
Successful discovery and operation of geothermal resources requires a thorough understanding of the heterogeneous geological subsurface. This Review discusses the key geological factors that contribute to the effective exploration of intermediate-temperature to high-temperature geothermal resources used for power generation and direct use applications.
Submarine groundwater discharge transports nutrients from terrestrial to marine systems, but is often ignored in coastal biogeochemistry. In this Review, the fluxes, impacts and management implications of this discharge are examined and compared with riverine fluxes globally.
