Digital brain illustration by Dr. Alysson Muotri 2014.

Somatostatin expressing neurons in the lateral central amygdala (CeL) project to GABAergic neurons in the central sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEAc). Somatostatin-Cre mice were crossed with GAD67-eGFP reporter mice (Som-Cre´ GAD67-eGFP). ChR2 was expressed in SOM neurons in the CeL AAV-EF1α-DIO-hChR2(H134R)-mCherry. Upper image shows the CeL with GABAergic neurons in green and SOM+ cells expressing mCherry. Lower image shows ChR2- mCherry-expressing synaptic terminals (red) in the SLEAc originating from CeL SOM+ neurons, GABAergic neurons labelled by eGFP (green, arrow) and a recorded GABAergic cell filled with biocytin in blue. For more information see the article by Sun et al. on pages 4163–4174.

Confocal microscopy images of mouse cerebellar lobule V sections immunolabeled for calbindin D-28k (red), Fox2(green), and counterstained with DAPI (blue). The top row is from a wild-type mouse and the bottom row from a Bmal1-/- mouse. For more information see the article by Liu et al. on pages 3727–3738.

RNAscope fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on coronal sections through mouse nucleus accumbens to quantify mRNA in specific cell types.  Expression of the interneuron marker Pvalb is shown in green and nuclei are labeled with DAPI in blue. Left, mRNA for the cell adhesion protein Cntnap4 is in white and the spiny projection neuron marker Ppp1r1b encoding DARPP-32 is in red. Right, mRNA for the perineuronal net protein Acan is in red. For more information see the article by Gallegos et al. on pages 3414-3428.

Human monocyte-derived microglia (MDMi) (labelled for tubulin in green) infected with SARS-CoV-2 (upper panel) showing the formation of a characteristic inflammasome ASC speck (in red). Lower panel shows LPS-primed MDMi treated with the microbial toxin nigericin, as a positive control for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cell nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). For more information see the article by Albornoz et al. on pages 2878-2893.

Immunofluorescent detection of astrocytes (Gfap; magenta) and neurons (NeuN; yellow) with DAPI (nuclei mark) in the basolateral amygdala of adult rats exposed during adolescence to vehicle (top panels) or high-dose THC (bottom panels). Middle images show skeletonized Gfap processes, and right panels are representative astrocyte sholl images. For more information see the article by Ferland et al. on pages 2583–2593.

Confocal images of iDOPA neurons with dopaminergic neuron markers. For more information see the article by Powell et al. on pages 1970–1982.

Reduction of excitatory pre- and post-synaptic markers in human cortical neurons exposed to EtOH (bottom). MAP2 neuron processes are in gray, VGLUT1 in red, and HOMER1 in green. For more information see the article by Adams et al. on pages 1571-1584.

Expression of ErbB4 (Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4), a gene associated with major depressive disorder, in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area of mice. The ErbB4-expressing cells are indicated by tdTomato (red) in ErbB4-CreER mice crossed with the Ai9 reporter line, whereas the dopamine neurons are labeled by their expression of TH (tyrosine hydroxylase, green) immunostained with anti-TH. For more information see the article by Wang et al. on pages 1027-1045.

A representative immunofluorescence image showing knockdown of endogenous TDP-43 (upper left, red) from CA1 neurons in adult mouse hippocampus by Adeno-associated virus encoding an shRNA targeting TDP-43. The endogenous levels of TDP-43 were measured from CA1 neurons expressing an shRNA targeting firefly luciferase as a control (lower left, red). GFP was co-expressed with shRNAs and labeled the infected neurons (middle two images, green). Overlaid images of TDP-43 and GFP were shown on the right. For more information see the article by Ni et al. on pages 931-945.

The apoptosis-related orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 contributes to vulnerability of adult hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cell to FOXG1 dosage. The panel shows murine adult hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells transduced with a control GFP-expressing retrovirus (left) or a FOXG1-overexpressing retrovirus (right). Cytoplasmic NR4A1 (red) expression is increased after FOXG1 overexpression. DAPI in blue. For more information see the article by Schäffner et al. on pages 497-514.