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Secreted proteins play essential roles in every step of cancer metastasis, while the identities and functions of those that contribute to tissue-specific metastasis are largely uncharacterized. Two articles in Cell Research report the discovery and functional analyses of novel secreted proteins that are biologically and clinically relevant to bone metastasis. The combinatory approaches represented here, together with advances in related technology, will promise a better understanding of the cancer secretome.
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase regulates a wide variety of cellular processes, including protein synthesis, yet the downstream translational program under the control of mTOR is poorly understood. Two recent studies by Hsieh et al. and Thoreen et al. now start to address this issue, and uncover a subset of genes translationally regulated by oncogenic mTOR signaling that may contribute to tumorigenesis.
A hallmark of the mammalian circadian timing system is synchronization of physiology and behavior, but when this synchronization is disturbed, chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome and depression may develop. Three new studies show that nuclear receptors of the Rev-Erb family impact the circadian oscillator and its metabolic output and this can be modified with specific agonists. Hence, resynchronization of metabolic pathways by manipulation of the circadian oscillator using REV-ERB-specific agonists may represent a feasible therapeutic concept to target diseases rooted in a misaligned circadian system.
While many mechanisms have been proposed for microRNAs (miRNAs) function, most ultimately cause message degradation. A view has emerged that miRNAs silence gene expression by promoting the association of mRNA decay factors. Recent research results, however, suggest that in both zebrafish and fruit fly, translational inhibition is the initiating event of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a new subset of memory cells that have been associated with enhanced protective immunity for their tissue of residence. A recent study by Jiang et al. sheds light on the migration behavior of TRM in both infected and unifected skin, and their ability to provide protection against re-infection even within a previously uninfected skin tissue.
