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Coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere contributes to extreme events at the Earth’s surface, and can help with predictability on timescales from weeks to decades, according to a synthesis of the influence of the stratosphere on surface climate.
Comparing historical carbon dioxide emissions with past projections shows that historical trends have fluctuated around the middle of the projected ranges. Because temporal and geographical variability is high, it is important to use a wide range of emission scenarios.
A concerted observational campaign in the North Atlantic could help improve forecasts of atmospheric rivers and their impacts via a synthesis of advances in reconnaissance and numerical weather prediction.
Understanding of Antarctic krill must be at the heart of krill fishery management in order to protect the stock and its predators, according to a synthesis of krill ecology research.