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2018 marks the 100th anniversary of the 1918 influenza pandemic, which claimed ~50 million lives. The introduction of influenza viruses and subsequent adaptation to humans, which enabled human-to-human transmission, continues to pose a constant threat of a future pandemic. Despite the efforts to develop antiviral drugs and vaccines, improved surveillance and prevention strategies, influenza viruses continue to circulate in human populations and cause seasonal influenza epidemics around the world each year. In light of the rapid evolution of the virus, globalization, the growing human population and the magnitude of intercontinental travel, outbreaks on the scale of the 1918 influenza pandemic would even today have a devastating effect. This collection includes Reviews and Research articles from across the Nature group of journals to showcase the latest advances in our understanding of influenza virus biology, evolution and adaptation, and advances in surveillance and drug and vaccine development.
This study reports the identification of broadly protective antibodies targeting the influenza B neuraminidase away from its active site. One dose of antibody therapy was more protective in mice than multiple doses of the current standard of care.
Influenza virus infection produces double-stranded RNA precursors that are converted to small interfering RNAs by host Dicer; this RNA interference mechanism is inhibited by viral protein NS1.
Influenza A virus polymerase has a β-hairpin in the thumb subdomain, which is shown to be essential for the initiation of viral replication, but auxiliary for other replicative steps and viral transcription.
Antigenic variants from human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza virus libraries possessing random mutations in the haemagglutinin protein, selected by incubation with human and/or ferret convalescent sera, identify escape variants similar to those that have emerged in nature.
The crystal structure of bat influenza A polymerase bound to a serine-5 phosphorylated peptide mimic from the C-terminal domain of cellular RNA polymerase II shows how the two polymerases are directly coupled and suggests that the interaction site could be targeted for antiviral drug development.
The host protein ANP32A is shown here to be a species barrier to the function of avian influenza virus polymerase in mammalian cells; the mutation E627K in viral protein PB2, which allows mammalian ANP32 family proteins to support the avian virus polymerase, is known to be associated with increased virulence of avian viruses in mammals.
The X-ray crystal structure of influenza C virus polymerase, captured in a closed, pre-activation confirmation, is solved at 3.9 Å resolution; comparison with previous RNA-bound structures reveals large conformational changes associated with RNA binding and activation, and illustrates the notable flexibility of the influenza virus RNA polymerase.
Efficient airborne transmission of influenza viruses between humans is associated with use of α2,6-linked sialic acids, not α2,3-linked sialic acids; however, using a loss-of-function approach in which a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus was engineered to bind α2,3 sialic acids, this study shows in ferrets that the soft palate is an important site for the switch of receptor usage to take place, and reveals that this tissue rapidly selects for transmissible influenza virus with human receptor preference.
The analysis of more than 9,000 haemagglutinin sequences of human seasonal influenza viruses over a 12-year time period shows that the global circulation patterns of A/H1N1 and B viruses are different from those of the well characterised A/H3N2 viruses; in particular the A/H1N1 and B viruses are shown to persist locally across several seasons and do not display the same degree of global movement as the H3N2 viruses.
Influenza surveillance over 15 cities across 5 provinces in China from October 2013 to July 2014 shows that the virus has diverged into distinct clades, becoming established in chickens and also disseminating to wider geographic regions.
Post-translational modifications of influenza A virus proteins can regulate virus replication, but the effect of nucleoprotein (NP) acetylation is not known. Here, Giese et al. identify four NP lysine residues that are acetylated in infected cells and study their role in polymerase activity and virion release.
Some circulating avian influenza A viruses can infect humans, but the mechanism enabling species jump is poorly understood. Here, Huanget al. identify a nucleotide in NEP of avian H7N9 viruses that affects splicing efficiency of the NS segment and supports virus replication in avian and mammalian cells.
Protein interaction networks can identify host proteins that affect virus replication. Here, the authors compare the protein interactomes of several influenza A virus strains and identify plakophilin 2 as a restriction factor that inhibits formation of the viral polymerase complex.
Broadly reactive antibodies that recognize influenza A virus HA can be protective, but the mechanism is not completely understood. Here, He et al. show that the inflammatory response and phagocytosis mediated by the interaction between protective antibodies and macrophages are essential for protection.
The nucleotide sequence of the eight genomic RNA segments of influenza A virus provides essential packaging signals, but how these sequences are recognized is unknown. Here, Moreira et al. identify conserved amino acids in the viral nucleoprotein that regulate packaging of RNA segments.
Treatment of influenza A viruses with broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies is an area of active research. Here, the authors characterise a human monoclonal antibody called 3E1 that was reactive against both H1 and H5 viruses in vitroand demonstrated some treatment efficacy in mice.
A major goal of vaccine design is to protect against a broad range of pathogen strains. Here the authors isolate a new broadly neutralizing antibody against influenza haemagglutinin from human memory B cells, and identify mutations that increase and broaden the neutralization towards H5 HA subtype.
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic exposed major gaps in our knowledge of the spatial ecology and evolution of swine influenza A viruses. Here Nelson et al. perform an extensive phylogenetic analysis of these viruses and show that the global trade of live swine strongly predicts their spatial dissemination.
The availability of high-yield virus strains remains an important bottleneck in the rapid production of influenza vaccines. Here, the authors report the development of influenza A vaccine backbone that improves the virus yield of various seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine strains in cell culture.
Antigenic drift and reassortment alters the epitopes of influenza virus. Krammer and colleagues reveal the cross-reactivity of antibody responses to viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in humans and several animal models, but the most prominent responses reflect ‘original antigenic sin’ to viral exposure.
Humoral immunity is necessary for controlling viral infection. Ballesteros-Tato and colleagues show that development of follicular regulatory T cells is prevented by high concentrations of interleukin 2 at the peak of viral infection, but resumes at later time points to suppress autoantibody production.
Vaccination offers protection against infectious diseases, yet pre-existing criteria that predict vaccine efficacy or adverse events remain unknown. Hayday and colleagues identify cellular and molecular signatures in humans immunized with adjuvanted swine flu vaccine.
IFITM3 encodes an antiviral protein that blocks entry of influenza A virus into cells. Paul Thomas and colleagues report that SNP rs34481144 in the 5′ UTR of IFITM3 is an expression quantitative trait locus for this gene and that the risk allele is associated with lower IFITM3 expression and severe influenza disease.
Antibodies that bind to both H1 and H3 influenza strains exist in the pre-vaccination serum repertoire of healthy adults; most vaccine-elicited clonotypes bind either H1 or H3 strains.
Antibodies elicited by vaccination with influenza vaccine produced in eggs bind more strongly to the egg-adapted vaccine strain than to wild-type circulating strains.