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Nature is competitive, and in order to thrive in a given environment, there is pressure to be better equipped than one’s neighbours. This process can lead to organisms acquiring distinctive traits, or isolated habitats. These adaptations have the capacity to bring new insights into the selective pressures, and underlying evolutionary pressures. This collection gathers together papers that report novel traits in a range of creatures, from bacteria to dogs – as well as research into unusual niches, including human armpits and the open ocean.