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Hypoxia is involved in many pathological and physiological conditions. Since Dr. Gregg L. Semenza first identified HIF-1 alpha in 1991, many researchers have investigated on hypoxia so vigorously, and 14,750 papers have been reported on PubMed by March, 2019. For the convenience of Experimental & Molecular Medicine audience, we present the most updated reviews on the role of hypoxia in diverse human diseases including cancer and aging, and also suggest therapeutic targets in this special issue.