Abstract
The role of telomere in genomic stability is an established fact. Variation in leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been considered a crucial factor that associated with age-associated diseases. To elucidate the association between LTL variation and ischemic stroke (IS) risk, we selected ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three genes (TERC, TERT and RTEL1) that previously reported link to LTL, and genotyped SNPs of these genes in a case-control study. The association between polymorphisms and IS risk were tested by Chi squared test and haplotype analysis. In allele association analysis, allele “C” in rs10936599 of TERC gene and allele “G” in rs2853677 of TERT gene were found to have an increased risk of IS when compared with allele “T” and “A”, respectively. Model association analysis showed that genotype “G/A” in the overdominant model and genotypes “G/A” and “A/A” in the dominant model of rs2242652 presented a more likelihood to have IS. Another TERT locus (rs2853677) with genotype “G” was also found IS-related risky in the log-additive model. Taken together, our results suggest a potential association between LTL related TERC, TERT gene variants and ischemic stroke risk.
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Introduction
Ischemic stroke (IS) presents a leading cause of persistent and acquired adult disability1. An unprecedented 50% increase in stroke incidence has been predicted to China for the next 20 years based on the current demographic and population-level vascular risk factor trends2. In spite of recent development in therapy, ischemic stroke patients still suffer a dismal prognosis, which in part is due to indefinite etiology and pathogenesis3. Smoking, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, adiposity and alcohol have been verified attributive factors to the increased risk of ischemic stroke4,5,6,7. However, there tend to be more and more patients diagnosed with stroke in the absence of the above factors. Genetic susceptibility to stroke independent of the distinct risk factors has not yet been clearly validated. Thus, we hypothesize that the stroke risk may be caused by the variation in low-penetrance alleles.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein polymerase that prolongs leukocyte telomere length (LTL) by adding a repetitive sequence “TTAGGG” in humans to antagonize DNA polymerase inability of fully replicating the 3’ end of DNA strand in mitotic division8,9,10. Variation in LTL has been found among individuals with same gender and age and has been increasingly accepted as an important factor of many age-associated diseases, such as ischemic stroke11,12,13.
In this study, we selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from three different LTL related genes (TERC (telomerase RNA component), TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) and RTEL1 (regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1)) that have been linked to ischemic stroke14,15,16,17,18,19. We analyzed each tag single nucleotide polymorphism (tSNP) in a case-control study involving Chinese population. Chi squared test and haplotype analysis were used to test the association between gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk. TERC and TERT variants were found linked to ischemic stroke risk.
Results
We recruited all together 300 ischemic stroke patients (120 females and 180 males, mean age at diagnosis 60.3 years, range 51–69, SD ± 5.14) and 300 healthy individuals (120 females and 180 males, mean age at 60.4 years, range 54–78, SD ± 6.36) to our study [Table 1]. None of the tSNPs we evaluated among the control group deviated from HWE [Table 2]. We hypothesized that the minor allele of each SNP was the risk factor as compared to the wild-type allele.
The results indicated two significant aggressive alleles, “C” in rs10936599 of TERC gene and “G” in rs2853677 of TERT gene, were linked to an increased ischemic stroke risk based on the P value of 0.05 (OR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00–1.58; P = 0.049 and OR = 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07–1.71; P = 0.012, respectively) by Chi-square test [Table 2].
Subsequent various genetic models were performed to calculate the genetic risk. The data showed that in rs2242652 of TERT gene, an enhanced risk of ischemic stroke was associated with the genotype “G/A” in the over-dominant model (OR = 1.45, 95% CI, 1.02–1.77; P = 0.038) and genotypes “G/A” and “A/A” in the dominant model (OR = 1.42, 95% CI, 1.01–2.01; P = 0.044) [Table 3]. As for rs2853677 listed in Table 4, patients who carried genotype “G” were also found to have a more likelihood of suffering ischemic stroke in the log-additive model (OR = 1.36, 95% CI, 1.07–1.73; p = 0.011) after adjustment by gender and age.
However, after performing a strict Bonferroni correction in Tables 2, 3 and 4, the significance levels were attenuated, which may indicate a likely association between positive tSNPs and risk of IS.
We then did Haplotype analysis to explore the connection between the TERT, RTEL1 haplotype and the risk of ischemic stroke, but no significant conclusion was found [Tables S1, S2].
Discussion
In this case-control study, we selected tSNPs with MAF greater than 5% in the HapMap CHB population to ensure the sufficient statistical power for data analysis. Our results revealed that polymorphisms in TERC and TERT genes have an association with susceptibility risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population. We hypothesize that these loci variant of the TERC and TERT genes could have shortened LTL, leading to increased possibility of having ischemic stroke.
The TERC gene, one of the main components of telomerase, serves as a template for addition of multiple “TTAGGG” repeats9,20. It has been verified involved in LTL by recent researches21,22. We found in this study that the allele “C” in rs10936599 had the potential to increase the risk of ischemic stroke when compared with allele “T” (OR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00–1.58; P = 0.049). Studies focused on similar subject by Zee RY, et al. involving Caucasian women did not find any association between TERC and ischemic stroke23. We believe this disparity in findings could be attributed to the racial, sexual or regional differences in study populations. To our knowledge, our study is the first genotype/allele-based study that describes the association between SNPs within the TERC locus and ischemic stroke risk in a Chinese population.
The TERT gene, located in 5p15.33, encodes the catalytic protein component of telomerase, which is required for maintenance of LTL, chromosomal stability and cellular immortality24,25. Mutations occur in the TERT gene can shorten LTL and are major risk factors for stroke26,27,28, also for multiple cancers25 and other syndromes, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and aplastic anemia29. A recent study by Bresssler J, et al. found that rs2853668 of TERT was nominally associated with stroke (OR = 1.17, p = 0.05, 95% CI = 1.00–1.38) in African-Americans, but failed to draw the same conclusion in Caucasian study participants or with mortality in either racial group26. In this case-control study, we found that rs2853677, an intrinsic SNP within the TERT gene, was significantly associated with ischemic stroke risk according to both allele and genotype association analysis in a Chinese population. We ascertained a significant allele “G”, genotype “G/G” in the co-dominant model, genotypes “A/G” and “G/G” in the dominant model and genotype “G/G” in the recessive model aggressive for ischemic stroke development. Subsequent model association analysis of another locus within TERT gene, rs2242652, also found that genotype “G/A” in the over-dominant model and genotypes “G/A” and “A/A” in the dominant model increased the ischemic stroke risk. Previous studies about the loci above were mainly focused on multiple cancer risks30,31,32,33,34. Campa D, et al. identified a significant association between a variant in TERT and pancreatic cancer risk (rs2853677, odds ratio = 0.85; 95% confidence interval = 0.80–0.90, P = 8.3 × 10−8)35. Our study, for the first time, combined rs2853677 and rs2242652 polymorphisms with ischemic stroke risk. All these results together with previous studies strongly implicate the involvement of TERT in ischemic stroke.
There are certain intrinsic limitations in our study and must be noted. The sample size was not large enough compared with some other ischemic stroke association studies. Further work with larger sample size is needed to consolidate our conclusion. We performed Bonferroni correction in statistical analysis and found the significance levels between TERT and TERC SNPs and IS risk were attenuated. Such issue might partly due to the relative small sample size that could not satisfy all of the ten independent hypotheses at the same time. Moreover, we could not ignore the main weakness of Bonferroni correction. True important differences may tend to be deemed nonsignificant as the times of tests performed in one study increase. As a result, more type II errors accurs36. Cumulatively, our findings provide evidence that polymorphisms in TERC and TERT genes variation are associated with increased ischemic stroke risk. We believe our results will encourage further studies to explore the functional role of these genes.
Methods
Study participants
A case-control study containing 300 ischemic stroke patients and 300 controls was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. All the patients we recruited were newly diagnosed of ischemic stroke at Neurology Department from the year 2014 to 2015 and all the control subjects were enrolled from the health check-up center for annual health examination. The diagnostic criteria for ischemic stroke were based on the International Classification of Diseases (9th Revision). Related clinical and demographic data of the case and control groups were collected by medical record and face-to-face questionnaires. All of the participants were genetically unrelated ethnic Han Chinese. They were all provided with written informed consent for their participation and the informed consent was obtained from all subjects in the present study. The protocols for this study were conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of both the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University and Northwest University. 5 mL whole blood of each subject was extracted at the time of initial diagnosis. The samples were stored at −80 °C until further use.
tSNP selection and genotyping
The minor allele frequencies (MAF) of all the selected SNPs were greater than 5% in the HapMap CHB (Chinese Han Beijing) population. DNA was extracted from whole blood using GoldMag-Mini Whole Blood Genomic DNA Purification Kit (GoldMag Co. Ltd. Xi’an City, China). DNA concentration was measured by NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). The design of primers, SNP genotyping and data processing were performed by Sequenom MassARRAY platform Software (Sequenom Co. Ltd., San Diego, California, USA)37,38. Genotype calling was carried out with 3.0.0.4 version MassARRAY RT software and analyzed by 3.4 version MassARRAY Typer software37,39,40. Genotyping quality control procedures leading to SNP exclusion were call rate < 90% and P < 0.05 for deviations from HWE. All of the selected SNPs in the study were successfully genotyped with average call rate of 99.68%.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software (SPSS 18.0; Chicago, IL) and Microsoft Excel. Statistical significance was accepted at P value < 0.05. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) of each tSNP in control group was tested by Fisher’s exact test. The differences between allelic frequencies in case and control groups were compared by the Chi-squared test41. Association between genotypes and ischemic stroke risk were estimated in different genetic models (co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant and log-additive) by SNPStats website software http://bioinfo.iconcologia.net/snpstats/start.htm 42. Testing of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed by unconditional logistic regression analysis adjusted by gender and age43. Akaike’s Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion were applied to estimate the best-fit model for each SNP.
Additional Information
How to cite this article: Zhang, S. et al. Polymorphisms in Telomere Length Associated TERC and TERT predispose for Ischemic Stroke in a Chinese Han population. Sci. Rep. 7, 40151; doi: 10.1038/srep40151 (2017).
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Special Foundation for Public Health of Ministry of Health of China (No. 201002011). The authors are grateful to the scientists and other staff from Northwest University for assistance in SNP genotyping.
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M.C. and R.P. designed the study and directed its implementation; S.Z. and G.J. performed the experiments; S.Z. wrote the paper; Y.L., R.Z., P.S. contributed to sample collection and processing. D.G. and C.L. contributed to related clinical and demographic data collection. J.F. and F.L. performed the statistical analysis.
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Zhang, S., Ji, G., Liang, Y. et al. Polymorphisms in Telomere Length Associated TERC and TERT predispose for Ischemic Stroke in a Chinese Han population. Sci Rep 7, 40151 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40151
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40151
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