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Pennington MW, Vernazza CR et al. Int Endodont J 2009; 42: 874–883

The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of different treatment interventions for a compromised central incisor tooth. The costs were based on those of a secondary care setting in the UK National Health Service. The longevity of the different treatments were obtained from a literature search. Estimates for failure were calculated using Markov modelling (random events over time). The authors reported that 'Implant placement is expensive, and is cost effective...only after endodontic treatment has failed twice. If orthograde endodontic re-treatment fails, 'the benefits of additional apical surgery do not justify the additional cost'.