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The superconducting diode effect

Nature Reviews Physics volume 5, pages 558–577 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

A superconducting diode enables supercurrent to flow in only one direction, providing new functionalities for superconducting circuits. In recent years, there has been experimental progress towards realizing such behaviour in both Josephson junctions and in junction-free superconductors. In this Review, we discuss experimental work and theoretical developments of the superconducting diode effect (SDE). We present the observation of the SDE including material realization, underlying symmetries, nature of spin–orbit interaction, band topology, device geometry and experimentally measured parameters, reflecting that nonreciprocity is presented. The theoretical work and fundamental mechanisms that lead to nonreciprocal current are discussed through the lens of symmetry breaking. The impact of the interplay between various system parameters on the efficiency or the SDE is highlighted. Finally, we provide our perspective towards the future directions in this active research field through an analysis of electric field tunability and the intertwining between band topology and superconductivity and how this could be useful to steer the engineering of emergent topological superconducting technologies.

Key points

  • A superconducting diode is a non-dissipative circuit element that envisions novel device applications in superconducting electronics, superconducting spintronics and quantum information and communication technology.

  • Unlike the conventional semiconducting diode effect in an electron–hole asymmetric junction, a superconducting diode effect can be realized in Josephson junctions as well as junction-free superconductors.

  • A superconducting diode is a quantum mechanical phenomenon induced by symmetry-driven transport and nontrivial functionalities of superconducting structures.

  • The efficiency of a superconducting diode is widely tunable using external parameters such as temperature, magnetic field, gating, device design and also quantum functionalities such as Berry phase, band topology and spin–orbit interaction.

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Fig. 1: Diode effect in semiconductors and superconductors.
Fig. 2: Mechanism of superconducting diode effect via Rashba spin–orbit interaction and magnetochiral anisotropy.
Fig. 3: Ising-type superconducting pairing symmetry.
Fig. 4: Temperature dependence and magnetic-field switching of superconducting diode effect.
Fig. 5: Momentum dependence of superconducting diode efficiency.

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET Project No. CE170100039). We sincerely thank C. Foley, the Chief Scientist at Australia’s National Science Agency CSIRO and Chief Scientist of Australia, for reading and commenting on the manuscript.

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  1. Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia

    Muhammad Nadeem & Xiaolin Wang

  2. ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia

    Muhammad Nadeem & Xiaolin Wang

  3. School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

    Michael S. Fuhrer

  4. ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

    Michael S. Fuhrer

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Nadeem, M., Fuhrer, M.S. & Wang, X. The superconducting diode effect. Nat Rev Phys 5, 558–577 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-023-00632-w

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