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Progress in quantum teleportation

Nature Reviews Physics volume 5, pages 339–353 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Thirty years after it was first proposed, quantum teleportation remains one of the most important protocols in quantum information and quantum technologies, enabling the nonlocal transmission of an unknown quantum state. Quantum teleportation can be used to overcome the distance limitation in directly transferring quantum states in quantum communication and the difficulty in realizing long-range interactions among qubits in quantum computation. Since 2015, experimental quantum teleportation has moved from simple to complex quantum states (multiple degrees of freedom, high-dimensional quantum states) and from proof-of-principle demonstrations to real-world applications. We overview these advances, in particular, the understanding of the nonclassical nature of quantum teleportation, the teleportation of complex quantum states, progress in experiments with photons, atoms and solid-state systems and applications to quantum communication and computation, and discuss the challenges and opportunities for future developments.

Key points

  • Quantum teleportation is the transfer of an unknown quantum state over long distances. This process requires entanglement and therefore cannot be simulated with classical channels.

  • In practice, a single particle has many degrees of freedom, forming a complex quantum state. Quantum teleportation of such states requires more complex entanglement preparation and Bell-state measurements.

  • Quantum teleportation is key for quantum communication technology. Long-distance quantum teleportation has been realized over a 100-km optical fibre channel and a 1,400-km satellite-to-ground free space channel, respectively.

  • Quantum gate teleportation distributes local gate operations between spatially separated particles, so that it can be used to establish links among distributed quantum computing nodes in quantum networks.

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Fig. 1: Different types of quantum teleportation and examples of applications.
Fig. 2: Teleportation of photonic complex quantum states.
Fig. 3: Quantum teleportation for quantum communication.
Fig. 4: Quantum gate teleportation for quantum computing.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFE0113100), NSFC (Nos 11874345, 11821404, 11904357, 12174367 and 12204458), the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (No. 2021ZD0301200), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, USTC Tang Scholarship, Science and Technological Fund of Anhui Province for Outstanding Youth (2008085J02), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M700138) and China Postdoctoral for Innovative Talents (BX2021289). This work was partially supported by the USTC Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication.

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  1. CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Xiao-Min Hu, Yu Guo, Bi-Heng Liu, Chuan-Feng Li & Guang-Can Guo

  2. CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Xiao-Min Hu, Yu Guo, Bi-Heng Liu, Chuan-Feng Li & Guang-Can Guo

  3. Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Bi-Heng Liu, Chuan-Feng Li & Guang-Can Guo

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X.-M.H. wrote the manuscript with the help of Y.G and B.-H.L. B.-H.L, C.-F.L and G.-C.G. supervised the research. All authors discussed the content extensively.

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Hu, XM., Guo, Y., Liu, BH. et al. Progress in quantum teleportation. Nat Rev Phys 5, 339–353 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-023-00588-x

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