Retraction to: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0456-x, published online 22 April 2020.

The Editor has retracted this article. After publication, the journal received evidence suggesting that authorship for this article was offered for sale before the article was submitted to the journal. In addition, the authors did not provide an explanation or documents confirming that ethics approval was obtained for the study.

The authors have not responded to any correspondence from the editor or publisher about this retraction.