Abstract
Hollow fiber composite NF membranes with improved anti-fouling property and water flux were prepared via interfacial polymerizationand layer-by-layer method using polyethylenimine (PEI), isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC), and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The chemical structures and the morphologies of the resultant NF membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of β-CD concentration on membrane morphologies, nanofiltration performances, surface hydrophilicities and anti-fouling properties were investigated. It was found that the permeate flux increased with increasing the β-CD concentration, and no decline of rejection was observed. The results showed that the introduction of β-CD improved surface hydrophilicities and anti-fouling performances of composite hollow fiber NF membranes. The water contact angles decreased from 61.3° to 23° within creasing the concentration of β-CD from 0 to 2.0 wt.%. The resultant hollow fiber composite NF membrane showed an excellent anti-fouling property with the flux recovery ratio of 97.6%, which was much better than that of the original polyamide (PA) NF membranes.
Similar content being viewed by others
Introduction
With the development of the society, the shortage of water sources and the environmental pollution led to an urgent demand for production and recycling of water sources1,2,3. As a novel and promising technology, membrane technology is playing an important role in water treatment because of its high efficiency and low cost4,5. Nanofiltration (NF) membrane is a kind of pressure driven membrane with separation properties between reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes6,7,8. Due to the advantages of low operating pressure, high permeate flux, and iron perm-selectivity. NF membranes have been widely applied to various industrial fields9,10, such as seawater desalination11, industrial wastewater treatment12, purification of drinking water13, biotechnology14, and food science15.
Polyamide (PA) NF membrane is the most common NF membrane in the market. Commercial NF membranes are mostly obtained via interfacial polymerization of binary amines or polyamine and acyl chloride on the surface of UF membranes16,17. However, the polyamide active layer would be fouled easily by microorganisms, colloids, inorganic scaling, and organic compounds18,19,20. The membrane pores will be blocked up by those pollutants21. As a result, various negative effects including flux decline, increase of operating pressure, increment of energy consumption, and membrane degradation22,23. Several strategies have been applied to improve the anti-fouling properties of NF membranes24,25. Most methods could be summarized as the hydrophilic modification and the incorporation of hydrophilic components. An, et al.26 developed an anti-fouling NF membrane by adding different amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into piperazine (PIP) during its interfacial polymerization with trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The hydrophilicity and the permeate flux of the composite NF membranes increased with increasing the mass fraction of PVA to PIP, and the anti-fouling property was improved significantly. Zhang, et al.27 have prepared NF membranes by introducing sulfonated multiwall carbon nanotube (SMWCNT) to the poly (piperazine amide) thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes. The water contact angle (WCA) gradually decreased with increasing the concentration and the pure water permeability (PWP) remarkably increased which also exhibited better anti-fouling ability to BSA. Mi, et al.28 grafted zwitterionic component (N-aminoethyl piperazine propane sulfonate, AEPPS) onto polyamide thin film composite NF membranes that were prepared via interfacial polymerization between TMC and PIP. The hydrophilicity and the permeation flux of the composite NF membranes were higher than the pristine polyamide membrane. The zwitterionic NF membranes also exhibited good anti-fouling properties.
Cyclodextrin (CD) are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of several glucose units linked by α-(1–4) bonds with a tortuous-shaped structure29. In the tortuous-shaped structure, the upper outer end (larger open end) is composed of secondary hydroxyl groups of C2 and C3, and the lower end (smaller open end) is composed of primary hydroxyl groups of C6, which are hydrophilic30,31, and the hydrophobic zone is formed in the cavity due to the shielding effect of C-H bond32. With the special structure characterized by a hydrophilic external surface and a relative hydrophobic cavity, a channel is formed that make it easier for water to pass through33,34. Due to numerous hydrophilicity groups and the special structure of CDs, it is expected to improve the permeate flux and the anti-fouling properties of NF membranes35,36. Besides, β-CD is composed of 6 glucose units, of low-priced and generally the most used CDs. Wu, et al.37 fabricated a polyester thin-film composite NF membrane via interfacial polymerization of TMC and triethanolamine (TEOA) in the presence of β-CD. The prepared NF membrane showed an enhancement in the anti-fouling performance. However, the NF membrane showed a decline in the rejection with the increase of the β-CD concentration.
In this work, hollow fiber composite NF membranes with improved anti-fouling property and water flux were prepared via interfacial polymerization and layer-by-layer method using polyethylenimine (PEI), isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC) and β-CD. Figure 1 shows the molecular structures of PEI, IPC, and β-CD. For the first time, the β-CD was used to modify the polyamide composite NF membrane. Firstly, a polyamide layer was prepared by the IP between PEI and IPC on the surface of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) UF membrane. Then the residual acyl chloride reacted with β-CD monomers after immersing the polyamide NF in the aqueous solution containing β-CD monomers. Finally, a polyester structure was formed, and the surfaces of PA NF membrane were modified by hydrophilic β-CD monomers. The effects of β-CD on the rejection performances, the morphology, the hydrophilicity, the chemical structure, and the anti-fouling performance of the composite NF membrane were investigated.
Molecularstructures of PEI, IPC and β-CD molecules.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with MWCO of 30 K Da was purchased from Hangzhou Yuanxiang Film Co. Ltd (Hangzhou, China). The outer diameter of PVDF hollow fiber UF membrane is 1.4 mm. The pure water permeation (PWP) of PVDF hollow fiber UF membrane is 62 L·m−2·h−1·bar. PEI was purchased from Gobekie New Material Technology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, 98%) and isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC, 98%) was obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). n-hexane was purchased from Kermel Chemical Agent Co. Ltd (Tianjin, China). Bovine serum albumin (BSA, 99%) was purchased from Shanghai Rebiosci Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). Inorganic salts, including magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). All reagents were of analytical grade (AR) without further purification.
Preparation of PEI/IPC/CD hollow fiber composite NF membranes
After being pre-soaked for 24 h in deionized (DI) water for removing contaminants, the PVDF UF membranes were immersed in the 4.0 wt.% PEI aqueous solution. After being soaked for 5 min, the excess PEI aqueous solution was rinsed off from the membrane surface. Next, these membranes were immersed in 0.25 wt.% IPC in n-hexane for 90 s. After removing the excess IPC solution, the membranes were immersed in the β-CD aqueous solution immediately for 30 min, and then cured for 30 min in an oven to stabilize the structure. The hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared with β-CD concentration at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 wt.% were labeled as NF-0, NF-1, NF-2, NF-3, and NF-4, respectively. Schematic diagram of preparation of PEI/IPC/β-CD hollow fiber composite NF membrane was showed in Fig. 2. Finally, the resultant hollow fiber composite PEI/IPC/CDNF membranes were sealed in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pipe to obtain the hollow-fiber membrane modules. The outer diameter and the inner diameter of PMMA pipe were 15 mm and 11 mm, respectively. The hollow fiber composite NF membrane was placed in the PMMA pipe, both ends of the tube and the membrane were sealed with epoxy adhesive. After the adhesive was solidified, another end of the pipe was also sealed, while another end of the hollow fiber composite NF membrane should be unobstructed. Two holes were drilled on the pipe for the circulation of the solution.
Schematic diagram of preparation of PEI/IPC/β-CD hollow fiber composite NF membrane.
Characterizations of hollow fiber composite NF membranes
The surface and the cross-section morphologies of PVDF UF membranes and the as-prepared hollow fiber composite NF membranes were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Phenom ProX, Netherlands). The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra were collected in the range of 700 to 4000 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1 with a bench-top IR spectrometer (FTIR920, Tianjin Tuopu, China), to characterize the chemical structures of the resultant composite NF membrane surfaces. The hydrophilicities of the membrane surfaces were characterized with the static contact angle measurements (DSA305, Kruss GmbH, Germany) using 0.2 μL droplet of pure water.
Rejection performance including permeate flux (F) and rejection rate (R) were measured with a lab-scale cross-flow membrane evaluation apparatus at 25 °C. The texts were carried out with 1000 ppm Na2SO4, MgSO4, and MgCl2 aqueous solutions at an operating pressure of 0.2 MPa. Before test, the system was first pressurized at 0.3 MPa for 1 h. The permeation flux (F) was calculated using the following equation.
where, V is the volume of permeated aqueous solution during the measurement (m3), S is the effective membrane area (m2), t is the time period for measurement (h).
The rejection rate (R) was calculated using the following equation:
Where, Cp and Cf (mol/L) are the salt concentration in the permeate and the feed solution. The salt concentrations were obtained with the standard curves of different salts, which show the corresponding relations between the salt concentrations and the electrical conductivities of the salt aqueous solutions. The electrical conductivities of the salt aqueous solutions were measured with a DDS-11A conductivity meter (Shanghai Leici Instrument Company, China). All experimental results were the average values of 5 measurements.
Anti-fouling performance test
The anti-fouling properties of NF membranes were tested with a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 0.2 MPa and room temperature. DI water was firstly filtered through NF membrane for at least 1 h and the average water flux was recorded as J0. The water flux was recorded every 20 min in the continuous 80-min running. Then the BSA solution (1 g/L) was filtered through the membrane, and the average water flux was recorded as Jf. The permeate flux was measured every 20 min in the continuous 80 min running as well. The membrane was washed with DI water for 30 min, and then the operation was repeated once. The antifouling performance evaluation for each membrane was operated with 2.5 cycles. Normalized flux (Jf /J0) is used to evaluate the anti-fouling performance of NF membranes.
Result and Discussion
Chemical structures of membranes
ATR-IR spectra were utilized to analyze the chemical structures of PVDF UF membrane and NF membranes, as shown in Fig. 3. Comparing with PVDF membrane, the new absorbance peaks occurred at 3350 cm−1, which is attributed to the overlap of the amine groups (-N-H) and the hydroxyl groups (-O-H) stretching vibrations, which could be associated with the excess of β-CD reactants. Besides, the absorbance peaks were enhanced with the increase of β-CD concentration. The absorbance peaks at 2932 and 2865 cm−1 are characteristic of the C–H stretching vibrations of a saturated aliphatic series. The new absorbance peaks presented at 1650 cm−1 could be assigned to the carbonyl group (–C=O) of the amide groups. The bands at 1578 cm−1 and 1486 cm−1 correspond to the stretching vibration of C=C skeleton in aromatic ring. Moreover, the spectra of N1, N2, N3, and N4 membranes exhibited the new absorption peaks at around1030 cm−1, which could be assigned to the C-O-C of ester. The new peaks suggest the occurrence of the interfacial polymerization between the -OH groups of β-CD and the acyl chloride groups of IPC.
ATR-FTIR spectra of PVDF UF substrate and different resultant composite NF membranes.
Membrane morphologies
Figure 4 shows the surface and the cross-section morphologies of the PVDF UF and different resultant composite NF membranes. As shown in Fig. 4(a1), the surface of PVDF UF membrane presented a number of uniformly distributed small pores. Figure 4(b1–f1) showed the SEM images of different NF membrane surfaces. There was no perceptible pore observed in the inner surface. It could be seen clearly that the higher the β-CD concentration was, the smoother the resultant composite NF membrane surface was. Figure 4(a2–f2) showed the cross-section morphologies of the PVDF UF membranes and different hollow fiber composite NF membranes, from which a typical macrovoid structure of UF membrane could be observed. As seen from Fig. 4(b2–f2), there is a thin active layer attached to the surface of PVDF UF membrane. The thickness of the active layer increased gradually as the β-CD concentration increased from 0 to 2.0 wt.%. It demonstrated that a polyester film had formed and been bound to the polyamide layer tightly.
SEM images of (a) PVDF UF membrane, (b) NF-0, (c) NF-1, (d) NF-2, (e) NF-3 and (f) NF-4; (a1–f1: the surface, a2–f2: the cross section).
Hydrophilicities of membrane surfaces
Contact angle measurements were employed to characterize the hydrophilicities of the membrane surfaces. Figure 5 and Table 1 show the static contact angles of PVDF UF membrane and the resultant hollow fiber composite NF membranes. It could be seen clearly that the surface of PVDF UF membrane is hydrophobic with a WCA of 92.6°, and the resultant hollow fiber composite NF membranes are hydrophilic with relatively lower contact angles. The water contact angles decreased from 45° to 23° with increasing β-CD concentration from 0 to 2.0 wt.%. It suggested that the introduction of β-CD into the active layer effectively improve the hydrophilicity of the resultant composite NF membranes and play an important role in improving the resistance of the fouling38,39.
Static contact angles of PVDF UF membrane and different hollow fiber composite NF membranes.
Rejection performances
The influences of β-CD concentration on rejection performances were investigated. As shown in Table 1 and Fig. 6, the rejections were almost unaffected by β-CD concentration. In detail, the rejections (R) to 1000 ppm Na2SO4, MgSO4, and MgCl2 aqueous solutions were 33.4%, 60.2%, and 94.2%, respectively. According to the decreasing order of the rejections to inorganic salts, the resultant hollow fiber composite NF membranes were positively charged with stronger repulsion to di/multi-valence cations and stronger attraction to di/multi-valence anions, which could be attributed to Donnan exclusion theory40.
Effects of β-CD concentration on salt rejections of the hollow fiber composite NF membranes.
Figure 7 shows the permeate flux of various hollow fiber composite NF membranes. It could be seen clearly that as the feeds were Na2SO4, MgSO4, and MgCl2 aqueous solutions, respectively, all the permeate fluxes increased significantly with the increase of β-CD concentration. This could be explained with two reasons. Firstly, since β-CD contains a large amount of hydroxyl (-OH) groups, the introduction of β-CD into the active layer enhances the hydrophilicity of the composite NF membrane surface. The hydrogen bond interaction between water molecules and membrane surface was enhanced, facilitating water to transport through the composite membrane. Secondly, by introducing the β-CD molecules into the membranes, the special structure of β-CD could form the water channels, which would facilitate water to pass through more easily as well.
Effects of β-CD concentration on permeate fluxes of the hollow fiber composite NF membranes.
The effects of different post-heat curing temperature in the range of 30 to 90 °C were investigated. The rejection performances were evaluated with the permeation tests using 1000 ppm MgCl2 aqueous solution at 25 °C and 0.2 MPa. As could be seen from Fig. 8, the rejection (R) to MgCl2 aqueous solution changed little with increasing the curing temperature in the range of 30 to 70 °C, and then decreased as the curing temperature was higher than 70 °C. The permeate flux increased gradually as the curing temperature increased from 30 to 60 °C, and then showed a decline as the curing temperature continued to rise. This might be because the higher curing temperature could accelerate the reaction between β-CD and acyl chloride, and also increase the cross-linking degree of the polymer nets, resulting in a denser active layer, thus the permeate flux decreased as the curing temperature was above 60 °C. On the other hand, the base membrane shrunk further at a relatively higher curing temperature, the active layer was not bound to the base membrane tightly, resulting in a decrease in the rejection (R).
Effects of the post-heat curing temperature on the rejection and flux performances of the composite hollow fiber NF membranes.
Anti-fouling performance of the hollow fiber composite NF membranes
The anti-fouling performance was investigated by permeation test using DI water and BSA/phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH: 7.4) as the model feed solution at 25 °C and 0.2 MPa. It could be observed from Fig. 9 that the reduced rate of permeate flux decreased gradually with the increase in β-CD concentration. After 80-min running with the BSA solution, the permeate fluxes of NF-0, NF-1, NF-2, NF-3, and NF-4, maintained at 74.2%, 75.8%, 88.2%, 90.8%, and 93.3%, respectively. Then the NF membranes were cleaned with DI water for 30 min, the recovery rates of the five NF membranes for the permeate fluxes were 89.7%, 93.2%, 95.0%, 96.2%, and 97.6%, respectively. The NF-4 shows the best anti-fouling performance with normalized flux of 93.3%. It could be explained by the reason that the hydrophilicities of the resultant membrane surfaces were enhanced with the abundant –OH groups in β-CD. The membrane surfaces’ binding to water were enhanced, while the protein absorption on it was reduced41.
Time-dependent recovery rate for permeate flux tested with DI water and BSA/PBS aqueous solution.
In order to further identify its anti-fouling properties, the surface morphologies of the original membranes, the fouled membranes, and the refreshed membranes with different β-CD concentration were characterized with SEM. As shown in Fig. 10, with the increase in β-CD concentration, the NF membrane surface exhibited less protein absorption. Moreover, after washed with DI water, it is easier for the NF membranes that fabricated with high β-CD concentration to remove the absorbed BSA from the surface. It might be because that the hollow fiber composite NF membranes containing more β-CD have smoother surfaces and more shallow grooves, which could make it easier to wash the BSA away from the membrane surface.
SEM surface images of the virgin membranes, fouled membranes and refreshed membranes: (a1–a3) NF-0, (b1–b3) NF-1, (c1–c3)NF-2, (d1–d3) NF-3, (e1–e3) NF-4.
Conclusions
Anti-fouling hollow fiber composite NF membranes were prepared via interfacial polymerization and layer-by-layer method using polyethylenimine (PEI), isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC), and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the monomer of the aqueous phase, the monomer of the organic phase, and the surface modification agent, respectively. The resultant hollow fiber composite NF membranes showed their positively charged characteristics and high rejections to inorganic salts. The introduction of β-CD into the active layer of the hollow fiber composite NF membranes improved the surface hydrophilicity of the resultant composite membranes and the permeate flux significantly. The permeate flux for 1000 ppm MgCl2 aqueous solution increased from 12.7 L·m−2·h−1 to 19.7 L·m−2·h−1 at 0.2 MPa and room temperature as increasing the β-CD concentration from 0 to 2.0 wt.%. The resultant hollow fiber composite NF membranes showed excellent anti-fouling property. After 80-min running with BSA solution, the recovery rate for permeate flux was 93.3%. Furthermore, the recovery rate could be increased up to 97.6% after being washed with DI water.
References
Ridgway, H. F., Orbell, J. & Gray, S. Molecular simulations of polyamide membrane materials used in desalination and water reuse applications: Recent developments and future prospects. J. Membr. Sci. 524, 436–448 (2017).
Burn, S. et al. Desalination techniques - a review of the opportunities for desalination in agriculture. Desalination 364, 2–16 (2015).
Kochkodan, V. & Hilal, N. A comprehensive review on surface modified polymer membranes for biofouling mitigation. Desalination 356, 187–207 (2015).
Zhao, F. Y., Jiang, Y. J., Liu, T. & Ye, C. C. Nanofiltration membrane based on novel materials. Prog. Chem. 30, 1013–1027 (2018).
Kim, J., Kim, D. I. & Hong, S. Analysis of an osmotically-enhanced dewatering process for the treatment of highly saline (waste)waters. J. Membr. Sci. 548, 685–693 (2018).
Mukherjee, R., Mondal, M., Sinha, A., Sarkar, S. & De, S. Application of nanofiltration membrane for treatment of chloride rich steel plant effluent. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4, 1–9 (2016).
Huang, M. H., Chen, Y. S., Huang, C. H., Sun, P. Z. & Crittenden, J. Rejection and adsorption of trace pharmaceuticals by coating a forward osmosis membrane with TiO2. Chem. Eng. J. 279, 904–911 (2015).
Zhao, D. S., Yu, S. L., Liu, G. C., Yuan, Q. B. & Guo, H. C. Polypiperazine-amide nanofiltration membrane incorporated with poly (ethylene glycol) derivative for electrodialysis concentrate treatment. Sep. Purif. Technol. 153, 43–50 (2015).
Mohammadi, S. et al. Phenol removal from industrial wastewaters: a short review. Desalin. Water Treat. 53, 2215–2234 (2015).
Moser, P. B. et al. Effect of MBR-H2O2/UV Hybrid pre-treatment on nanofiltration performance for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. Sep. Purif. Technol. 192, 176–184 (2018).
Liu, J. et al. Concentrating brine from seawater desalination process by nanofiltration-electrodialysis integrated membrane technology. Desalination 390, 53–61 (2016).
Lai, G. S. et al. A practical approach to synthesize polyamide thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes with improved separation properties for water/wastewater treatment. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 4134–4144 (2016).
Stoller, M., Ochando-Pulido, J. M. & Field, R. On operating a nanofiltration membrane for olive mill wastewater purification at sub- and super-boundary conditions. Membranes 7 (2017).
Deowan, S. A. et al. Novel low-fouling membrane bioreactor (MBR) for industrial wastewater treatment. J. Membr. Sci. 510, 524–532 (2016).
Muntha, S. T., Kausar, A. & Siddiq, M. Advances in polymeric nanofiltration membrane: A review. Polym-plast. Technol. 56, 841–856 (2017).
Hu, L. J., Zhang, S. H., Han, R. L. & Jian, X. G. Preparation and performance of novel thermally stable polyamide/PPENK composite nanofiltration membranes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 258, 9047–9053 (2012).
Lau, W. J. et al. A review on polyamide thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes: History, applications, challenges and approaches. Water Res. 80, 306–324 (2015).
Hao, W. L., Yang, M., Zhao, K. S. & Tang, J. N. Dielectric measurements of fouling of nanofiltration membranes by sparingly soluble salts. J. Membr. Sci. 497, 339–347 (2016).
Akbari, A., Aliyarizadeh, E., Rostami, S. M. M. & Homayoonfal, M. Novel sulfonated polyamide thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes with improved water flux and anti-fouling properties. Desalination 377, 11–22 (2016).
Saeki, D., Imanishi, M., Ohmukai, Y., Maruyama, T. & Matsuyama, H. Stabilization of layer-by-layer assembled nanofiltration membranes by crosslinking via amide bond formation and siloxane bond formation. J. Membr. Sci. 447, 128–133 (2013).
Yu, S. C. et al. Improving fouling resistance of thin-film composite polyamide reverse osmosis membrane by coating natural hydrophilic polymer sericin. Sep. Purif. Technol. 118, 285–293 (2013).
Li, H. B., Zhang, H. X., Qin, X. H. & Shi, W. Y. Improved separation and antifouling properties of thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane by the incorporation of cGO. Appl. Surf. Sci. 407, 260–275 (2017).
Guo, H. X. et al. Self-cleaning and antifouling nanofiltration membranes-superhydrophilic multilayered polyelectrolyte/CSH composite films towards rejection of dyes. RSC Adv. 5, 63429–63438 (2015).
Mustafa, G., Wyns, K., Vandezande, P., Buekenhoudt, A. & Meynen, V. Novel grafting method efficiently decreases irreversible fouling of ceramic nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 470, 369–377 (2014).
Zhou, C. M. et al. Surface mineralization of commercial thin-film composite polyamide membrane by depositing barium sulfate for improved reverse osmosis performance and antifouling property. Desalination 351, 228–235 (2014).
An, Q. F., Li, F., Ji, Y. L. & Chen, H. L. Influence of polyvinyl alcohol on the surface morphology, separation and anti-fouling performance of the composite polyamide nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 367, 158–165 (2011).
Zheng, J. F. et al. Sulfonated multiwall carbon nanotubes assisted thin-film nanocomposite membrane with enhanced water flux and anti-fouling property. J. Membr. Sci. 524, 344–353 (2017).
Mi, Y. F., Zhao, Q., Ji, Y. L., An, Q. F. & Gao, C. J. A novel route for surface zwitterionic functionalization of polyamide nanofiltration membranes with improved performance. J. Membr. Sci. 490, 311–320 (2015).
Kodama, S. et al. Enantioseparation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids by hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 37, 3196–3205 (2016).
Feng, T. T. et al. An electrochemical immunosensor for simultaneous point-of-care cancer markers based on the host-guest inclusion of beta-cyclodextrin-graphene oxide. J. Mater. Chem. B 4, 990–996 (2016).
Huang, X. X. et al. Effective removal of Cr(VI) using beta-cyclodextrin-chitosan modified biochars with adsorption/reduction bifuctional roles. RSC Adv. 6, 94–104 (2016).
Mosivand, S. & Kazeminezhad, I. Functionalization and characterization of electrocrystallized iron oxide nanoparticles in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin. CrystEngComm 18, 417–426 (2016).
Villalobos, L. F., Huang, T. F. & Peinemann, K. V. Cyclodextrin films with fast solvent transport and shape-selective permeability. Adv. Mater. 29 (2017).
Ye, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z. G. & Song, B. Y. Polyurethane membrane with a cyclodextrin-modified carbon nanotube for pervaporation of phenol/water mixture. J. Polym. Eng. 37, 449–459 (2017).
Ellouze, F., Ben Amar, N., Mokhtar, M. N., Zimmermann, W. & Deratani, A. Fractionation of homologous CD6 to CD60 cyclodextrin mixture by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. J. Membr. Sci. 374, 129–137 (2011).
Adams, F. V., Nxumalo, E. N., Krause, R. W. M., Hoek, E. M. V. & Mamba, B. B. Preparation and characterization of polysulfone/beta-cyclodextrin polyurethane composite nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 405, 291–299 (2012).
Wu, H. Q., Tang, B. B. & Wu, P. Y. Preparation and characterization of anti-fouling beta-cyclodextrin/polyester thin film nanofiltration composite membrane. J. Membr. Sci. 428, 301–308 (2013).
Fan, L. et al. Improving permeation and antifouling performance of polyamide nanofiltration membranes through the Incorporation of arginine. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 13577–13586 (2017).
Safarpour, M., Vatanpour, V. & Khataee, A. Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide/TiO2 blended PES nanofiltration membrane with improved antifouling and separation performance. Desalination 393, 65–78 (2016).
Montalvillo, M. et al. Charge and dielectric characterization of nanofiltration membranes by impedance spectroscopy. J. Membr. Sci. 454, 163–173 (2014).
Jin, J. B. et al. Preparation of thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes with improved antifouling property and flux using 2,2 ‘-oxybis-ethylamine. Desalination 355, 141–146 (2015).
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful for the financial supports from the Project on the Integration of Industry, Educationand Research of Guangdong Province (2016B090918048), Key R & D Project of Shandong Province (2016ZDJS04B03), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21201135), Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan (201604010070), the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of Nansha Free Trade Zone (2015GJ002), and the Regional Key Project of the Science and Technology Service Network of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-STS-QYZX-043).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Y.H. performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. J.M. guided the research. J.M., R.Z.and L.Z. contributed to the revision of the manuscript. Z.J. and H.Y. performed the ATR-FTIR and SEM analyses. K.T. and S.C. performed the hydrophilic analyses and numerical calculations. All the authors contributed to the text of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
He, Y., Miao, J., Jiang, Z. et al. Improving the anti-fouling property and permeate flux of hollow fiber composite nanofiltration membrane using β-cyclodextrin. Sci Rep 9, 12435 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48908-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48908-5
This article is cited by
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.
