Abstract
The realization of room-temperature processes is an important factor in the development of flexible electronic devices composed of organic materials. In addition, a simple and cost-effective process is essential to produce stable working devices and to enhance the performance of a smart material for flexible, wearable, or stretchable-skin devices. Here, we present a soft friction transfer method for producing aligned polymer films; a glass substrate was mechanically brushed with a velvet fabric and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) solution was then spin-coated on the substrate. A P3HT film with a uniaxial orientation was obtained in air at room temperature. The orientation factor was 17 times higher than that of a film prepared using a conventional friction transfer technique at a high temperature of 120 °C. In addition, an oriented film with a thickness of 40 nm was easily picked up and transferred to another substrate. The mechanism for orientation of the film was investigated using six experimental methods and theoretical calculation, and was thereby attributed to a chemical process, i.e., cellulose molecules attach to the substrate and act as a template for molecular alignment.
Similar content being viewed by others
Introduction
Optoelectronic properties can be improved by the anisotropy of molecules in a solid. The molecular orientation in conjugated polymers has attracted particular attention in the chemical research field and for practical applications1,2,3,4,5 Oriented polymer films have been utilized for flexible, lightweight, printed electronics, such as wearable or stretchable-skin devices6, 7, solar cells8, light-emitting diodes9, and transistors10,11,12. Several methods to prepare highly oriented polymer films have been reported, such as drawing, rubbing, friction transfer, alignment on a specific substrate, and directional crystallization13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20. Among these methods, friction transfer is a facile process that has been used to obtain polymer films with highly uniaxial orientation since it was first reported by Wittmann and Smith20,21,22,23,24,25,26. The friction transfer method is conducted by sliding a solid polymer material on a substrate heated at temperatures in the range of 140–180 °C. However, for flexible electronic devices to be integrated on a polymer substrate, such temperatures may be too high because the material typically has low heat resistance. Thus, a low-temperature process is crucial for the development of organic-based flexible electronic devices and would also be expected to be a cost-effective method from an industrial perspective.
Schematic diagram of the soft friction transfer method conducted at room temperature (RT) and in air.
Photographs of uniaxial aligned 40 nm thick P3HT film picked up from a substrate. (a) P3HT film prepared using the soft friction transfer method on an ITO-coated glass substrate. (b) The film is immersed in water, (c) peeled from the substrate, and (d) then transferred to a glass slide as another substrate.
Facile methods have been previously reported, whereby molecules are oriented by drop casting and/or spin coating on a substrate mechanically brushed by a fabric4, 27, 28, a tissue paper29, or a paper28. Such methods can provide orientated films composed of small molecules29, liquid crystals27, 28, and oligomers4 at room temperature; however, the molecular orientation of polymers has not yet been reported. Here, we report the uniaxial alignment of a polymer film of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) at room temperature, based on a similar approach. P3HT has been a popular polymer associated with flexible organic electronic devices such as tactile sensors7, field-effect transistors30,31,32,33, and solar cells34,35,36. The uniaxial aligned P3HT film is obtained by a two-step process: i) a substrate is mechanically brushed by a velvet fabric at room temperature, and ii) P3HT solution is then spin-coated on the substrate (Fig. 1). The resultant orientation factor was greater than that for a film prepared by conventional friction transfer on a Teflon plate heated at 120 °C. The soft friction transfer method presented here does not require high temperature, a glove box, or vacuum equipment, but provides uniaxial oriented films by a facile process that involves brushing a soft fabric on the substrate at room temperature. Cellulose is then transferred onto the substrate as a template for molecular alignment. The oriented P3HT film was picked up by immersing the glass substrate in water and transferring the film to another substrate (Fig. 2). Oriented films were also prepared using small molecules and polymers as well as different substrates. The orientation mechanism was analyzed using six experimental methods and by theoretical calculation. As a representative application, a polarized light-emitting device was demonstrated using an oriented polymer film prepared by soft friction transfer.
Materials and Methods
An indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate (FLAT-ITO, Geomatec) or glass substrate with a size of 2 × 2 cm2 was washed with a detergent solution (PK-LCG201, Parker Corp.) using a sonicator (3510 J, Branson), and then cleaned with an oxygen-plasma cleaner (Cute, Femto Science). The cleaned substrate was then brushed with a velvet fabric at a force-pressure of ca. 1–2 kgf/cm2. 30 μL of a 5 mg/mL solution of P3HT (Rieke Metals, P200) in chlorobenzene (Nacalai Tesque) was placed dropwise on the brushed ITO substrate and spin-coated at 1,000 rpm for 3 s and then at 2,000 rpm for 30 s. Finally, the P3HT film was dried in an air atmosphere and the film thickness was determined to be ca. 30 nm, using a confocal laser microscope (OLS4000, Shimadzu) equipped with a 100x objective. The P3HT thin film and ITO substrate itself were investigated using electronic absorption spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Experimental details are described in the Supplementary information.
Results and Discussion
Figure 3a and b show SEM images of P3HT films spin-coated on brushed and non-brushed substrates, respectively. An anisotropic structure in the former film was observed as numerous lines along the brushing direction, whereas a smooth surface without lines was observed in the latter film. The anisotropic feature was also confirmed from AFM observations, as shown in Fig. 3c and d. Figure 3e and f show polarized absorption spectra for P3HT films on brushed and non-brushed substrates, respectively. The parallel (//) or perpendicular (⊥) symbols represent the polarization of light with respect to the brushing direction. The absorbance with the // configuration was greater than that with the ⊥ configuration. This indicates that the π-conjugated backbones of P3HT molecules are aligned along the brushing direction because the direction of the transition dipole moment, HOMO-LUMO transition of P3HT, is parallel to the backbone of the P3HT molecule37, 38. The dichroic ratio (A ///A ⊥) was estimated to be 2.4. The orientation factor, S = (A // − A ⊥)/(A // + A ⊥), was obtained as 0.4. Based on these values, the P3HT backbones are aligned in the in-plane direction. This in-plane alignment was also confirmed by GIXD measurement (Fig. S1 in Supplementary Information). The proposed method is not conducted at high temperature (140–180 °C), such as with conventional frictional transfer, but is established at room temperature. In addition, the molecular orientation is established not by a hard material such as PTFE but using a soft material such as a fabric. Therefore, it is referred to as a soft friction transfer method.
SEM images of P3HT thin films on (a) brushed and (b) non-brushed substrates. AFM images of P3HT thin films on (c) brushed and (d) non-brushed substrates. Polarized absorption spectra of P3HT films on (e) brushed and (f) non-brushed substrates. Red and blue spectra were obtained using incident light polarized parallel (//) and perpendicular (⊥) to the brushing direction, respectively. (g) Schematic illustration of sample preparation.
To investigate the orientation mechanism, the structures of P3HT films on brushed and non-brushed substrates were measured using GIXD, and the results are shown in Fig. 4a and b, respectively. The (100) diffraction of P3HT was observed for both films. The pole angle (χ) dependence of the (100) diffraction intensities for the films on brushed and non-brushed substrates is shown in Fig. 4c and d, respectively. The intensities for χ = 0 to 45° and χ = 45 to 90° denote face-on and edge-on orientations, respectively39,40,41,42,43,44,45, as shown in Fig. 4e. Therefore, after brushing of the substrate, the edge-on orientation decreases and the component of face-on orientation increases relatively. The diffraction peak for the face-on component emerges in the P3HT film on brushed substrate, as shown in Fig. 4f. Then, major component is also the edge-on orientation in the P3HT film on the brushed substrate, as shown in Fig. 4c.
(a,b) GIXD patterns of P3HT thin films, and (c,d) intensities of (100) peaks as a function of the pole angleχ, for films on (a,c) brushed and (b,d) non-brushed substrates. The degrees of face-on and edge-on orientations correspond to the integrated intensities of χ = 0 to 45° and χ = 45 to 90°, respectively. (e) Schematic illustration of face-on and edge-on orientations. (f) GIXD intensity profile of the (100) diffraction along q xy obtained by integration from χ = 0 to 10°.
To discuss the orientation mechanism, the substrates were examined before and after brushing using SEM, AFM, XPS, and TOF-SIMS. Figure 5a and b show SEM images of the brushed and non-brushed substrates. There were no features evident before brushing, whereas anisotropic lines along the brushing direction were observed after brushing. The AFM phase images in Fig. 5c and d show anisotropic structures with submicron-meter intervals after brushing. According to the characteristics of the AFM phase image, different colors correspond to different materials on the substrate24. XPS measurements of the substrate surfaces indicated an organic compound on the substrate after brushing, as shown in Fig. 5e. This is attributed to cellulose, which is consistent with the TOF-SIMS results (Fig. S2). These results indicate that cellulose is transferred from the velvet fabric to the substrate surface and acts as a template for the alignment of P3HT molecules. Quantum chemical calculations46 were also conducted to evaluate the configuration between P3HT and cellulose. The systems used for the calculation were a thiophene trimer and glucose dimer to reduce calculation time, because both P3HT and cellulose are polymers composed of a large number of atoms. As a result, the optimized structure of the system was determined to be the face-on configuration of thiophene aligned on glucose, as shown in Fig. 5f. This structure corresponds to the face-on configuration of P3HT increased by brushing with the velvet fabric on the substrate, as shown in Fig. 4. To conduct further calculations with respect to the film structure, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for many P3HT molecules would be useful because intermolecular π–π interaction is important to determine the microstructure in P3HT films47. However, there have been no reports on calculations of the molecular structures for the orientations of both small and polymer molecules on any brushed substrates, and there have been no reports on such calculations for rubbing studies yet.
SEM images of (a) brushed and (b) non-brushed substrates. AFM phase images of (c) brushed (d) non-brushed substrates. (e) XPS spectra of C 1 s on the surfaces of brushed (red) and non-brushed (blue) substrates. (f) Relative configuration of optimized structure, obtained using the Gaussian 2009 package46 with MP2/6-31 g (d,p) level. Red, grey, white, and yellow spheres represent oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and sulphur atoms, respectively. Z and XY represent the out-of-plane and in-plane directions, respectively, when thiophene is present on glucose.
To confirm the effect of cellulose, several experiments were conducted using a brushed substrate that was then washed with detergent solution. However, neither the anisotropic feature nor the orientation of P3HT was observed (Fig. 6). Therefore, it was concluded that the orientation of P3HT is caused by a chemical process and not a physical process such as mechanical scratching of the glass substrate. Oriented P3HT film was also confirmed to occur with other glass substrates (Fig. S3, Table S1). In addition, the orientations of four other materials prepared by the soft friction transfer method were also observed; poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV), poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO), poly(9,9-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO2), and Rhodamine 6 G (Fig. S4). The common structure for these molecules and P3HT is a π-conjugated system, which results in attractive interaction between the negative charges of π-electrons and the positive charges of cellulose (Fig. S5).
(a) SEM and (b) AFM images of the substrate washed after brushing. The white arrow indicates the brushing direction. (c) SEM image and (d) polarized absorption spectra of P3HT film prepared on the substrate washed after brushing. All results showed no anisotropic features.
Here, we demonstrate an example of a device application using the soft friction transfer method. Figure 7 shows the polarized electroluminescence (EL) from a light-emitting device. The parallel (//) or perpendicular (⊥) symbols represent the polarization of EL with respect to the brushing direction. The active layer of the device is a MEH-PPV film prepared by the soft friction transfer method. The film with anisotropic structure produces polarized EL. This device was developed by depositing an Al cathode onto the MEH-PPV active layer prepared by the soft friction transfer method.
Polarized light-emitting device as an application using the soft friction transfer method. (a) Polarized absorption spectra of MEH-PPV film prepared by the soft friction transfer method. Red and blue spectra represent the spectra obtained using incident light polarized parallel (//) and perpendicular (⊥) to the brushing direction, respectively. (b) Photograph of the device composed of Al/MEH-PPV/ITO/glass-substrate. (c) Polarized EL spectra of the device. Red and blue spectra represent the spectra of light polarized parallel (//) and perpendicular (⊥) to the brushing direction, respectively.
Finally, the film prepared by the soft friction transfer method was compared with that prepared using a conventional friction transfer method. Briefly, a substrate was brushed with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plate heated at 120 °C and P3HT solution was spin-coated onto the substrate at room temperature. This condition is the same as that for soft friction transfer, except for the brushing material and temperature. In addition, anisotropic structures on the substrate after brushing with the PTFE plate were observed using AFM and SEM, as shown in Fig. 8a and b. Figure 8c and d show polarized absorption spectra for the P3HT films prepared by soft friction transfer and by conventional friction transfer with a PTFE plate, respectively. A larger absorbance difference between the // and ⊥ configurations was achieved by the soft friction transfer method. Thus, the soft friction transfer method used in the present study produces P3HT film with higher orientation than that by the conventional friction transfer method; a comparison between the soft friction transfer and the previous study on the conventional friction transfer is given in the Supplementary Information. The soft friction transfer method is thus confirmed to be a powerful method to obtain oriented films at room temperature by a facile process.
(a,b) SEM and AFM images, and (c,d) polarized absorption spectra. (a,c) P3HT film prepared on ITO brushed by velvet fabric as the soft friction transfer method. (b,d) P3HT film prepared on ITO brushed by PTFE plate as the conventional friction transfer method; ITO substrate was brushed with PTFE plate heated at 120 °C and P3HT solution was then spin-coated onto the substrate at room temperature.
Conclusions
The uniaxial alignment of P3HT thin film was achieved by the soft friction transfer method. The in-plane molecular orientation and out-of-plane face-on orientation were quantified by analysis of absorption spectra and GIXD data, respectively. The orientation mechanism for the P3HT film was analyzed using various methods and was attributed to a chemical process, i.e., cellulose molecules attach to the substrate and act as a template for molecular alignment. The soft friction transfer method does not require high temperature, a glove box, or vacuum equipment, but provides uniaxial oriented films by a facile process that involves brushing a soft velvet fabric on the substrate with a force such as 1–2 kgf/cm2 at room temperature. In addition, an oriented film can be picked up by dissolving cellulose on the substrate with water and transferring to another substrate. A film prepared by soft friction transfer was used in a light-emitting device as a representative application, and polarized EL was observed as a result. The soft friction transfer method is thus a versatile method that can be applied to next-generation flexible electronic devices such as transistors, light-emitting diodes, circuits, and sensors.
References
Sirringhaus, H. et al. Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers. Nature 401, 685–688 (1999).
O’Connor, B. et al. Anisotropic Structure and Charge Transport in Highly Strain-Aligned Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 3697–3705 (2011).
Jimison, L. H., Toney, M. F., McCulloch, I., Heeney, M. & Salleo, A. Charge-Transport Anisotropy Due to Grain Boundaries in Directionally Crystallized Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Adv. Mater. 21, 1568–1752 (2009).
Nishizawa, T., Lim, H. K., Tajima, K. & Hashimoto, K. Highly Uniaxial Orientation in Oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) Films Induced During Wet-Coating Process. J. Am. Chem, Soc. 131, 2464–2465 (2009).
Yao, Y., Dong, H. & Hu, W. Ordering of conjugated polymer molecules: recent advances and perspectives. Polym. Chem. 4, 5197–5205 (2013).
Kaltenbrunner, M. et al. An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics. Nature 499, 458–468 (2013).
Chou, H.-H. et al. A chameleon-inspired stretchable electronic skin with interactive colour changing controlled by tactile sensing. Nat. Commum 6, 8011 (2015).
Ma, J., Hashimoto, K., Koganezawa, T. & Tajima, K. End-On Orientation of Semiconducting Polymers in Thin Films Induced by Surface Segregation of Fluoroalkyl Chains. J. Am. Chem, Soc. 135, 9644–9647 (2014).
Grell, M. & Bradley, D. D. C. Polarized Luminescence from Oriented Molecular Materials. Adv. Mater. 11, 895–905 (1999).
Sirringhaus, H. et al. Mobility enhancement in conjugated polymer field-effect transistors through chain alignment in a liquid-crystalline phase. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 406–408 (2000).
Diao, Y. et al. Solution coating of large-area organic semiconductor thin films with aligned single-crystalline domains. Nat. Mater. 12, 665–671 (2013).
Kim, N.-K. et al. High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Directionally Aligned Conjugated Polymer Film Deposited from Pre-Aggregated Solution. Chem. Mater. 27, 8345–8353 (2015).
Zhou, H., Jiang, S. & Shouke., Y. Epitaxial Crystallization of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) on a Highly Oriented Polyethylene Thin Film from Solution. J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 13449–13454 (2011).
Brinkmann, M., Hartmann, L., Biniek, L., Tremel, K. & Kayunkid, N. Orienting Semi-Conducting π-Conjugated Polymers. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 35, 9–24 (2014).
Müller, C. et al. One-Step Macroscopic Alignment of Conjugated Polymer Systems by Epitaxial Crystallization during Spin-Coating. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 2368–2377 (2013).
Biniek, L. et al. High-Temperature Rubbing: A Versatile Method to Align π-Conjugated Polymers without Alignment Substrate. Macromolecules 47, 3871–3879 (2014).
Li, A. et al. Macroscopic alignment of poly(3-hexylthiophene) for enhanced long-range collection of photogenerated carriers. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 54, 180–188 (2016).
Hamidi-Sakr, A., Biniek, L., Fall, S. & Brinkmann, M. Precise Control of Lamellar Thickness in Highly Oriented Regioregular Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Thin Films Prepared by High-Temperature Rubbing: Correlations with Optical Properties and Charge Transport. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 408–420 (2016).
Qu, S. et al. Highly anisotropic P3HT films with enhanced thermoelectric performance via organic small molecule epitaxy. NPG Asia Mater. 8, e292/1–11 (2016).
Wittmann, J. C. & Smith, P. Highly oriented thin films of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) as a substrate for oriented growth of materials. Nature 352, 414–417 (1991).
Tanigaki, N., Yase, K., Kaito, A. & Ueno, K. Highly oriented films of poly(dimethylsilylene) by friction deposition. Polymer 36, 2477–2480 (1995).
Tanigaki, N. et al. Oriented thin films of conjugated polymers: polysilanes and polyphenylenes. Thin Solid Films 331, 229–238 (1998).
Chen, X. L., Bao, Z., Sapjeta, B. J., Lovinger, A. J. & Crone, B. B. Polarized Electroluminescence from Aligned Chromophores by the Friction Transfer Method. Adv. Mater. 12, 344–347 (2000).
Amundson, K. R., Sapjeta, B. J., Lovinger, A. J. & Bao, Z. N. An in-plane anisotropic organic semiconductor based upon poly(3-hexyl thiophene). Thin Solid Films 414, 143–149 (2002).
Nagamatsu, S. et al. Backbone Arrangement in “Friction-Transferred” Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s. Macromolecules 36, 5252–5257 (2003).
Tanigaki, N., Nagamatsu, S., Takashima, W. & Yoshida, Y. Molecular orientation of poly(3-butylthiophene) friction-transferred films. Thin Solid Films 518, 853–856 (2009).
Hoogboom, J., Rasing, T., Rowan, A. E. & Nolte, R. J. M. LCD alignment layers. Controlling nematic domain properties. J. Mater. Chem. 16, 1305–1314 (2006).
Geelhaar, T., Griesar, K. & Reckmann, B. 125 Years of Liquid Crystals—A Scientific Revolution in the Home. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 8798–8809 (2013).
Kobayashi, H., Takahashi, M. & Kotani, M. Enhanced coloration of a methylene blue film on fused quartz by mechanical brushing and bleaching by solvent vapor. Chem. Phys. Lett. 407, 419–422 (2005).
Sirringhaus, H., Tessler, N. & Friend, R. H. Integrated Optoelectronic Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. Science 280, 1741–1744 (1998).
Hartmann, L. et al. 2D Versus 3D Crystalline Order in Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Oriented by Mechanical Rubbing and Epitaxy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 4047–4057 (2011).
Lei, T., Wang, J.-Y. & Pei, J. Roles of Flexible Chains in Organic Semiconducting Materials. Chem. Mater. 26, 594–603 (2014).
Chang, M., Su, Z. & Egap, E. Alignment and Charge Transport of One-Dimensional Conjugated Polymer Nanowires in Insulating Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 49, 9449–9456 (2016).
Dang, M. T., Hirsch, L. & Wantz, G. P3HT:PCBM, Best Seller in Polymer Photovoltaic Research. Adv. Mater. 23, 3597–3602 (2011).
Hauch, J. A. et al. Flexible organic P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction modules with more than 1 year outdoor lifetime. Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. Cells 92, 727–731 (2008).
Kajiya, D. & Saitow, K. Si-nanocrystal/P3HT hybrid films with a 50- and 12-fold enhancement of hole mobility and density: films prepared by successive drop casting. Nanoscale 7, 15780–15788 (2015).
Mike, J. F. et al. Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic properties of poly(thiophenevinylene-alt-benzobisoxazole)s. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 1338–1344 (2011).
Komino, T., Tajima, H. & Matsuda, M. An attempt to measure simultaneously molecular orientation and current–voltage characteristics in thin films. Thin Solid Films 517, 1358–1361 (2008).
Hugger, S., Thomann, R., Heinzel, T. & Thurn-Albrecht, T. Semicrystalline morphology in thin films of poly(3-hexylthiophene). Colloid Polym. Sci. 282, 932–938 (2004).
Duong, D. T., Toney, M. F. & Salleo, A. Role of confinement and aggregation in charge transport in semicrystalline polythiophene thin films. Phys. Rev. B 86, 205205/1–205205/5 (2012).
Ayzner, A. L. et al. Impact of the Crystallite Orientation Distribution on Exciton Transport in Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 28035–28041 (2015).
Kajiya, D., Ozawa, S., Koganezawa, T. & Saitow, K. Enhancement of Out-of-plane Mobility in P3HT Film by Rubbing: Aggregation and Planarity Enhanced with Low Regioregularity. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 7987–7995 (2015).
Kajiya, D., Koganezawa, T. & Saitow, K. Hole mobility enhancement of MEH-PPV film by heat treatment at T g. AIP Adv. 5, 127130 (2016).
Ikeda, N., Koganezawa, T., Kajiya, D. & Saitow, K. Performance of Si/PEDOT:PSS Hybrid Solar Cell Controlled by PEDOT:PSS Film Nanostructure. J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 19043–19048 (2016).
Kajiya, D., Koganezawa, T. & Saitow, K. Enhancement of Out-of-Plane Mobilities of Three Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s and Associated Mechanism. J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 23351–23357 (2016).
Frisch, M. J., Trucks, G. W., Schlegel, H. B. et al. GAUSSIAN 09, Revision B.01, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford, CT, (2010).
Obata, S. & Shimoi, Y. Control of molecular orientations of poly(3-hexylthiophene) on self-assembled monolayers: molecular dynamics simulations. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 9265–9270 (2013).
Acknowledgements
K.S. acknowledges the Funding Program for the Next Generation World-Leading Researchers (GR073) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (15H02001) from JSPS. DK acknowledges a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (No. 26790015) from JSPS. GIXD experiments were performed at the BL19B2 beamline of SPring-8 with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) (Proposal Nos 2013B1588 and 2014B1629). The authors acknowledge Mr. Takeda, Ms. Ishikawa, Ms. Masudome, and Ms. Konnai of the Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan for conducting XPS and TOF-SIMS measurements.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
M.I. conducted the experiments, wrote the main manuscript text, and prepared the figures. D.K. performed the calculations, experiments, prepared the figures, and revised the manuscript. T.K. prepared GIXD measurements, and provided suggestions and discussions. K.S. planned the project, supervised the research, and revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Imanishi, M., Kajiya, D., Koganezawa, T. et al. Uniaxial orientation of P3HT film prepared by soft friction transfer method. Sci Rep 7, 5141 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05396-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05396-9
This article is cited by
-
Numerical simulation of electron-transport-layer-free CH3NH3Pb(I1−xBrx)3 perovskite solar cells
Optical and Quantum Electronics (2023)
-
An agar sandwich method for patterning transparent conducting oxides
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (2019)
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.
