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Stability challenges for the commercialization of perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells

Nature Reviews Materials volume 8, pages 261–281 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Driven by the growing dominance of balance of system costs in photovoltaic installations, next-generation solar cell technologies must deliver significant increases in power conversion efficiency. Presently, the most promising combination of facile fabrication and power conversion efficiency potential is found in tandem solar cells (TSCs) comprising silicon (Si) bottom cells with wide-bandgap perovskite top cells. However, unsolved issues in perovskite stability have important implications for real-world energy yields, challenging the prospect of widespread commercialization. Here, we present an overview of the current state of the art in stability of perovskite–Si TSCs and elucidate key tandem-specific degradation mechanisms at the cell and module levels. From this perspective, we consider the impact of perovskite phase segregation and strain, the novel challenges faced by perovskite films on textured surfaces and when using TSC-specific electrode designs as well as the exacerbating effects of current matching constraints. We also consider economic factors and determine the lifetime energy yield necessary for perovskite–Si TSCs to compete with single-junction Si solar cells. To conclude, we outline key future research directions to achieve the long-term stability necessary for the successful commercialization of this promising TSC technology.

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Fig. 1: Perovskite–Si TSCs architectures and progression of notable perovskite–Si TSC efficiency and stability.
Fig. 2: Progression of notable perovskite–Si TSCs stability depending on the test conditions.
Fig. 3: Instabilities induced by phase segregation.
Fig. 4: Instabilities induced by strain, current mismatch and electrode design in perovskite–Si TSCs.
Fig. 5: Effect of the textured Si surface on perovskite film quality for two-terminal perovskite–Si tandem solar cell devices.
Fig. 6: Failure modes for perovskite–Si tandem modules.

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Acknowledgements

The work was supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency and the Australian Research Council. T.W. is a recipient of an Australian Research Council Australian Future Fellowship (project number FT180100302). Responsibility for the views, information or advice expressed herein is not accepted by the Australian Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    Leiping Duan, Daniel Walter, Di Kang, Sieu Pheng Phang, Klaus Weber, Thomas White, Daniel Macdonald, Kylie Catchpole & Heping Shen

  2. School of Photovoltaic Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Nathan Chang

  3. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    James Bullock

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L.D. and H.S. wrote the article. L.D. researched data for the article. All authors made substantial contributions to the discussion of the content, reviewed and edited the manuscript.

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Glossary

Balance of system

(BOS). All components of a photovoltaic system excluding the solar modules.

Bifacial modules

Photovoltaic module that allows the front side of the module to capture the sunlight and the back side of the module to capture the reflected light and convert them into electricity.

External quantum efficiency

(EQE). Ratio of the number of charge carriers collected and the number of photons received by a photovoltaic device.

Fill factor

The ratio of maximum power output to the product of the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of solar cells.

Grain boundaries

General planar defects that separate regions of different crystalline orientations within a polycrystalline material.

IEC standards

Stability test standards for photovoltaic modules developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

Interdigitated back contacts architectures

Si solar cells without optical shading loss from the metal electrode grid at the front obtained by placing both contacts on the rear side of the cell.

ISOS protocols

Consensus protocols developed at the International Summit on Organic PV Stability in Denmark to standardize device ageing measurements.

Levelized cost of electricity

(LCOE). The average cost of producing electricity over the lifetime of a generator using a discounted cash flow analysis, which is a valuation method that estimates the value of an investment using its expected future cash flow.

Maximum power point

(MPP). The point stands for the maximum power output on the current-to-voltage (I–V) curve of solar cells or PV modules under 1-sun illumination.

Monofacial modules

The photovoltaic module only converts sunlight from the front surface of the module into electricity.

Net present value

The difference between the revenue and the costs of a project using discount rates to reflect the time value of money including considering inflation.

Open-circuit voltage

(Voc). The maximum voltage that a photovoltaic device can produce with no external load.

Parasitic absorption loss

The optical absorption loss without generating electrons and holes in a photovoltaic device.

Passivation

Technique to reduce the recombination of generated electrons and holes and remove defects in a photovoltaic device.

Perovskites

Materials exhibiting a cubic crystal structure, which can be described by the general formula ABX3. Here, A represents monovalent cations including rubidium (Rb+), caesium (Cs+), formamidinium (FA+) and methylammonium (MA+), B is a bivalent metal cation such as lead (Pb2+) and tin (Sn2+) and X stands for halides including iodide (I−), bromide (Br−) and chloride (Cl−).

Power conversion efficiency

(PCE). The ratio between the received optical power and the generated electrical power in a photovoltaic device.

Trap states

Energy states within the bandgap of a semiconductor that can trap generated electrons and holes until they recombine.

Tunnel-oxide-passivated contact

(TOPCon). Si solar cells with passivated contact based on an ultra-thin tunnel oxide in combination with a thin heavily doped silicon layer.

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Duan, L., Walter, D., Chang, N. et al. Stability challenges for the commercialization of perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells. Nat Rev Mater 8, 261–281 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-022-00521-1

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