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Polarons in materials

Nature Reviews Materials volume 6, pages 560–586 (2021)Cite this article

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A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 03 February 2022

An Author Correction to this article was published on 23 June 2021

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Abstract

Polarons are quasiparticles that easily form in polarizable materials due to the coupling of excess electrons or holes with ionic vibrations. These quasiparticles manifest themselves in many different ways and have a profound impact on materials properties and functionalities. Polarons have been the testing ground for the development of numerous theories, and their manifestations have been studied by many different experimental probes. This Review provides a map of the enormous amount of data and knowledge accumulated on polaron effects in materials, ranging from early studies and standard treatments to emerging experimental techniques and novel theoretical and computational approaches.

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Fig. 1: Basic properties of polarons.
Fig. 2: Polaron properties predicted by different theoretical and computational models.
Fig. 3: Interaction between two small polarons.
Fig. 4: Theoretical and experimental visualizations of different types of polarons.
Fig. 5: Transport measurements.
Fig. 6: Optical spectroscopies.
Fig. 7: ARPES, XPD and XAS measurements of large and small polarons.
Fig. 8: Real-space observations of polarons.
Fig. 9: Polarons in rutile and anatase TiO2.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Erwin Schrödinger Institute (ESI) for hosting the ESI-CECAM workshop “Polarons in the 21st Century” and all participants for the many enlightening discussions. C.F. acknowledges support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project nos. I 2460 and I 4506, and the many enriching discussions with the project partners J. Tempere, G. Kresse, S. Klimin and J. Devreese. M.S. acknowledges support by the Czech Science Foundation (GACR 20-21727X) and GAUK Primus/20/SCI/009. U.D. acknowledges support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (Wittgenstein Prize Z-250).

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  1. University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science, Vienna, Austria

    Cesare Franchini & Michele Reticcioli

  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Cesare Franchini

  3. Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria

    Martin Setvin & Ulrike Diebold

  4. Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Martin Setvin

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Franchini, C., Reticcioli, M., Setvin, M. et al. Polarons in materials. Nat Rev Mater 6, 560–586 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00289-w

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