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2D materials as an emerging platform for nanopore-based power generation

Nature Reviews Materials volume 4, pages 588–605 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Osmotic power generation, the extraction of power from mixing salt solutions of different concentrations, can provide an efficient power source for both nanoscale and industrial-level applications. Power is generated using ion-selective channels or pores of nanometric dimensions in synthetic membrane materials. 2D materials such as graphene and MoS2 provide energy extraction efficiencies that are several orders of magnitude higher than those of more established bulky membranes. In this Review, we survey the current state of the art in power generation with both 2D materials and solid-state devices. We discuss the current understanding of the processes underlying power generation in boron nitride nanotubes and 2D materials, as well as the available fabrication methods and their impact on power generation. Finally, we overview future directions of research, which include increasing efficiency, upscaling single pores to porous membranes and solving other issues related to the potential practical application of 2D materials for osmotic power generation.

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Fig. 1: Typical solid-state nanopore devices.
Fig. 2: Power densities per membrane area for different materials.
Fig. 3: Different materials used for nanopore power generation.
Fig. 4: Scaling properties of 2D nanoporous membranes.
Fig. 5: Nanopore drilling techniques.
Fig. 6: Osmotic conductance per single pore as a function of pore size for different materials.
Fig. 7: Influence of pore density and size.

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Michal Macha, Sanjin Marion.

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  1. Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Michal Macha, Sanjin Marion & Aleksandra Radenovic

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Vishal V. R. Nandigana

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M.M. and S.M. wrote the manuscript; M.M., S.M. and A.R. researched the data for the article. V.N. contributed to the theory section. All authors discussed the contents and provided important contributions to the manuscript.

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Macha, M., Marion, S., Nandigana, V.V.R. et al. 2D materials as an emerging platform for nanopore-based power generation. Nat Rev Mater 4, 588–605 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0126-z

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