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  • Review Article
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MOFs in the time domain

Nature Reviews Chemistry volume 6, pages 9–30 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Many of the proposed applications of metal–organic framework (MOF) materials may fail to materialize if the community does not fully address the difficult fundamental work needed to map out the ‘time gap’ in the literature — that is, the lack of investigation into the time-dependent behaviours of MOFs as opposed to equilibrium or steady-state properties. Although there are a range of excellent investigations into MOF dynamics and time-dependent phenomena, these works represent only a tiny fraction of the vast number of MOF studies. This Review provides an overview of current research into the temporal evolution of MOF structures and properties by analysing the time-resolved experimental techniques that can be used to monitor such behaviours. We focus on innovative techniques, while also discussing older methods often used in other chemical systems. Four areas are examined: MOF formation, guest motion, electron motion and framework motion. In each area, we highlight the disparity between the relatively small amount of (published) research on key time-dependent phenomena and the enormous scope for acquiring the wider and deeper understanding that is essential for the future of the field.

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Fig. 1: Methods for investigating dynamic phenomena in MOFs.
Fig. 2: MOF synthesis reaction and the dynamic techniques used to probe each stage.
Fig. 3: Experimental techniques for studying translational guest diffusion in MOFs.
Fig. 4: Experimental methods for probing electron motion in MOFs.
Fig. 5: In situ methods for probing framework motion in MOFs.

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Acknowledgements

T.L.E. gratefully acknowledges the Royal Society for the award of a University Research Fellowship (6866) and the award of a PhD studentship to D.J.C. (RGF\EA\180183). The authors thank Cardiff University and the EPSRC for additional funding, including a PhD studentship to D.C.W.

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    Daniel J. Cerasale, Dominic C. Ward & Timothy L. Easun

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Cerasale, D.J., Ward, D.C. & Easun, T.L. MOFs in the time domain. Nat Rev Chem 6, 9–30 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00336-8

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