Abstract
Normal cells explore multiple states to survive stresses encountered during development and self-renewal as well as environmental stresses such as starvation, DNA damage, toxins or infection. Cancer cells co-opt normal stress mitigation pathways to survive stresses that accompany tumour initiation, progression, metastasis and immune evasion. Cancer therapies accentuate cancer cell stresses and invoke rapid non-genomic stress mitigation processes that maintain cell viability and thus represent key targetable resistance mechanisms. In this Review, we describe mechanisms by which tumour ecosystems, including cancer cells, immune cells and stroma, adapt to therapeutic stresses and describe three different approaches to exploit stress mitigation processes: (1) interdict stress mitigation to induce cell death; (2) increase stress to induce cellular catastrophe; and (3) exploit emergent vulnerabilities in cancer cells and cells of the tumour microenvironment. We review challenges associated with tumour heterogeneity, prioritizing actionable adaptive responses for optimal therapeutic outcomes, and development of an integrative framework to identify and target vulnerabilities that arise from adaptive responses and engagement of stress mitigation pathways. Finally, we discuss the need to monitor adaptive responses across multiple scales and translation of combination therapies designed to take advantage of adaptive responses and stress mitigation pathways to the clinic.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge grant support from the US National Institutes of Health (P50 CA240243 Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Ovarian Cancer SPORE to J.S.B., U01 CA253472 to G.B.M. and R00 CA222554 to I.K.Z.), the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (J.S.B. and G.B.M.) and the Elsa Pardee Foundation (I.K.Z.) and a gift from the Sheldon and Miriam Adelson Medical Research Foundation (J.S.B. and G.B.M.).
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M.L., I.K.Z. and J.S.B. have no conflicts of interest relating to the topics in this Review. G.B.M. has acted as a consultant or scientific advisory board member for AstraZeneca, Ellipses Pharma, ImmunoMET, Infinity, Ionis, Lilly, Nanostring, PDX Pharmaceuticals, Signalchem Lifesciences, Tarveda, Turbine and Zentalis Pharmaceuticals, and holds stock or stock options for Catena Pharmaceuticals, ImmunoMet, SignalChem, Spindletop Ventures, Tarveda and Turbine. G.B.M. has licensed technology including HRD assay (Myriad Genetics) and DSP (Nanostring).
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Labrie, M., Brugge, J.S., Mills, G.B. et al. Therapy resistance: opportunities created by adaptive responses to targeted therapies in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 22, 323–339 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-022-00454-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-022-00454-5
