Abstract
Juvenile songbirds express species-specific song discrimination from an early age, which focuses learning onto the songs of their parental species. However, it remains unknown whether this early song discrimination is influenced by early social experience or maternal effects or whether it is instead largely genetically determined. We manipulated early social experience by swapping young embryos between the nests of two co-occurring songbird species—pied and collared flycatchers. We show that nestlings are more active in response to playbacks of conspecific songs, even when raised by adults from the other species, thus enabling us to reject social experience as the main determinant of early song discrimination. We then crossed the two species in captivity and showed that the song responses of hybrid nestlings do not depend on social experience or maternal species, implying genetic divergence of early song discrimination. Our results provide conclusive evidence that early song discrimination has a largely genetic component, which can stabilize reproductive isolation by reducing song learning across closely related species.
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Acknowledgements
We thank T. Price, D. Shizuka and T. Suzuki for invaluable comments and discussions on the manuscript, and R. Dufva for laboratory assistance. D.W. was funded by the National Science Foundation (award ID: 1202861; www.nsf.gov), the Nilsson-Ehle Endowment (www.fysiografen.se) and the Stiftelsen för Zoologisk Forskning (Uppsala University). A.Q. was funded by the Swedish Research Council (www.vr.se) and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (www.kva.se).
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D.W. conceived of and designed the study, contributed materials, conducted the experiments, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. A.Q. designed the study, contributed materials and wrote the manuscript.
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Supplementary Figures 1 and 2; Supplementary Tables 1–10 (PDF 652 kb)
Supplementary Table 11
Song recordings used for each experiment. (CSV 1 kb)
Supplementary Table 12
Raw behavioural measurements. (CSV 150 kb)
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Wheatcroft, D., Qvarnström, A. Genetic divergence of early song discrimination between two young songbird species. Nat Ecol Evol 1, 0192 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0192
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0192
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