Abstract
Various pathogenic bacteria use post-translational modifications to manipulate the central components of host cell functions. Many of the enzymes released by these bacteria belong to the large Fic family, which modify targets with nucleotide monophosphates. The lack of a generic method for identifying the cellular targets of Fic family enzymes hinders investigation of their role and the effect of the post-translational modification. Here, we establish an approach that uses reactive co-substrate-linked enzymes for proteome profiling. We combine synthetic thiol-reactive nucleotide derivatives with recombinantly produced Fic enzymes containing strategically placed cysteines in their active sites to yield reactive binary probes for covalent substrate capture. The binary complexes capture their targets from cell lysates and permit subsequent identification. Furthermore, we determined the structures of low-affinity ternary enzyme–nucleotide–substrate complexes by applying a covalent-linking strategy. This approach thus allows target identification of the Fic enzymes from both bacteria and eukarya.
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Data availability
All relevant data are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. The crystallography data and corresponding atomic model have been deposited in the PDB under accession code 6SIU. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited at the ProteomeXchange Consortium (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org) via the PRIDE53 partner repository, with data set identifier PXD015599. Data for Figs. 2 and 5 are available as source data with this paper.
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Acknowledgements
The synchrotron MX data were collected at beamline P14 operated by EMBL Hamburg at the PETRA III storage ring (DESY, Hamburg). We thank G. Pompidor for the assistance in using the beamline. We also acknowledge technical support from the SPC facility at EMBL Hamburg. A.I. acknowledges access to the core facilities and laboratories of the Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB, Hamburg). We thank M. Feige for allowing us to use the cell biology facility and C. Rulofs for general technical assistance as well as G. Schroeder for sharing the LtpG gene construct. B.G. was funded by a Technical University Foundation Fellowship (TUFF, 2016–2017) and an Alexander von Humboldt Post-doctoral Fellowship (AvH, 2017–2019). C.H. thanks the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation Sweden (KAW 2013.0187) and the Swedish Research Council (VR) for generous support. The authors acknowledge the German Research Foundation for support through the Collaborative Research Centre SFB1035 (project B05).
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B.G., C.H. and A.I. conceived and developed the concept and design, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. B.G. performed the experiments and prepared the figures. J.F. performed the HYPE experiments and participated in manuscript writing. C.H. and A.I. designed and supervised the synthesis of the TReNDs. M.R., M.F.A. and C.P. synthesized the TReNDs. M.R. further optimized the TReND synthesis. C.K. performed the tryptic digestion and the LC-MS/MS experiments and analysed the data. H.S. supervised the LS-MS/MS experiments. V.P. and B.G. collected the X-ray diffraction data. V.P. analysed the X-ray data and refined the structure. A.I and C.H. oversaw the project, data analysis and data interpretation. All authors participated in manuscript editing and final approval.
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Extended data
Extended Data Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the co-substrate-mediated covalent capture workflow for target identification.
Fic enzymes with affinity tags are used to capture their putative targets in mammalian lysates by forming a covalent ternary complex. Those covalent ternary complexes are then enriched by affinity methods and subsequently subjected to tryptic digestion and LC-MS/MS for target identification.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Intact protein mass spectrometry demonstrating regioselectivity of TReNDs.
LC/ESI-MS measurements of endogenous cysteine containing proteins such as a, Legionella pneumophila effector DrrA/SidM b, human ras family GTPase HRas and c, human rab family GTPase Rab32 incubated with TReNDs. TReND mix indicates the mixture of TReND-1,2,3,4 and 5 in equimolar ratio. No unspecific coupling observed as shown by the deconvoluted mass spectrum upon TReND incubation. For all panels: Whenever a representative result is shown, each experiment was repeated independently at least twice with similar results.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Intact protein mass spectrometry demonstrating TReND-6 reactivity.
LC/ESI-MS measurements of Twin-Strep® tagged IbpA I3755C (TS-IbpA) and reactivity of β-γ non-hydrolysable TReND-6 with TS-IbpA. The mass increase of 544 Da reveals that TReND-6 coupled to IbpA and is resistant to hydrolysis even in the presence of 1 mM MgCl2. Whenever a representative result is shown, each experiment was repeated independently at least twice with similar results.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Composite OMIT map of IbpATReNDCdc42 X-ray crystal structure.
Electron density map covering the whole structure. b, Unbiased electron density map of TReND-1 as covalent linker. Electron density of phosphate atoms suggests an alternative conformation for the TReND-1 in the covalent ternary complex. The absence of adenine base allows the phosphate group and linked tyrosine 32 of Cdc42 to fill in space and adopt an alternative conformation, which is indicated as pink carbon atoms. Canonical conformation is indicated as light-green carbon atom. Electron density of tyrosine 32 is less resolved due to flexibility. OMIT map is constructed with sigma 1.0 and carve distance of 2 Å to the linker.
Extended Data Fig. 5 Intact protein mass spectrometry demonstrating TReND reactivity with other Fic enzymes.
LC/ESI-MS measurements of strategically placed cysteine mutants of Fic enzymes such as a, Bartonella hanselea BepA b, human HYPE/FicD c, Legionella pneumophila LpFic and d, Legionella pneumophila LtpG incubated with TReNDs. Corresponding cysteine modification and reactive TReND is indicated. For all panels: Whenever a representative result is shown, each experiment was repeated independently at least twice with similar results.
Extended Data Fig. 6 Peptide LC-MS/MS spectrum for AMPylation.
a, CACYBP AMPylation spectrum reveals Y71 as the modification site by IbpA. The experiment was repeated independently at least twice with similar results. b, EEF1A2 AMPylation spectrum reveals T432 and c, T261 as modification sites by HYPE/FicD. The experiments in the sections b) and c) were the confirmation of previously published results, therefore performed once.
Extended Data Fig. 7 IbpA:Cdc42 ternary complex with various TReNDs.
SDS-PAGE shows that only IbpA I3755C and (1) yielded a ternary complex with Cdc42. Whenever a representative result is shown, each experiment was repeated independently at least twice with similar results.
Extended Data Fig. 8 BepA cysteine mutants and their reactivity with various TReNDs.
PhosTag SDS-PAGE shows that only BepA S198C and N111C mutants reacted with TReNDs. BepA S198C mutant showed better reactivity towards (1) and lesser reactivity with (3). BepA N111C showed overall good reactivity with all the TReNDs. Supported with the MS data in Supplementary Fig. 5a, BepA N111C was chosen as the optimal cysteine substitution mutant. Whenever a representative result is shown, each experiment was repeated independently at least twice with similar results.
Extended Data Fig. 9 HYPE/FicD cysteine mutants and their reactivity with various TReNDs.
HYPE H319C mutant showed reactivity with TReNDs 1-3 in a certain degree. However, HYPE E404C showed greater reactivity with TReNDs 1-3. HYPE E404C and (1) was chosen as binary probe for subsequent ternary complex analysis. Whenever a representative result is shown, each experiment was repeated independently at least twice with similar results.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Note and Tables 1–4.
Supplementary Data 1
Tabulated MaxQuant output for mass spectrometry data.
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Source Data Fig. 2
Unprocessed gels.
Source Data Fig. 5
Unprocessed gels and Western Blots.
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Gulen, B., Rosselin, M., Fauser, J. et al. Identification of targets of AMPylating Fic enzymes by co-substrate-mediated covalent capture. Nat. Chem. 12, 732–739 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-0484-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-0484-6
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