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Direct images and spectroscopy of a giant protoplanet driving spiral arms in MWC 758

Nature Astronomy volume 7, pages 1208–1217 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Understanding the driving forces behind spiral arms in protoplanetary disks remains a challenge due to the faintness of young giant planets. MWC 758 hosts such a protoplanetary disk with a two-armed spiral pattern that is suggested to be driven by an external giant planet. We present observations in the thermal infrared that are uniquely sensitive to redder (that is, colder, or more attenuated) planets than past observations at shorter wavelengths. We detect a giant protoplanet, MWC 758c, at a projected separation of roughly 100 au from the star. The spectrum of MWC 758c is distinct from the rest of the disk and consistent with emission from a planetary atmosphere with Teff = 500 ± 100 K for a low level of extinction (AV ≤ 30), or a hotter object with a higher level of extinction. Both scenarios are commensurate with the predicted properties of the companion responsible for driving the spiral arms. MWC 758c provides evidence that spiral arms in protoplanetary disks can be caused by cold giant planets or by those whose optical emission is highly attenuated. MWC 758c stands out both as one of the youngest giant planets known, and as one of the coldest and/or most attenuated. Furthermore, MWC 758c is among the first planets to be observed within a system hosting a protoplanetary disk.

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Fig. 1: Images of MWC 758 from LBTI/ALES taken on UT 14 November 2019.
Fig. 2: LBTI/ALES spectrum of MWC 758.
Fig. 3: Spectrum of MWC 758c compared to model atmospheres.
Fig. 4: Teff versus AV of MWC 758c and Teff versus age of directly imaged companions.

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Data availability

All LBTI data are available online via the LBTO archive (http://archive.lbto.org).

Code availability

All software, codes and data processing scripts that were developed for this study are available at https://github.com/astrowagner/MWC758_ALES.

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Acknowledgements

We thank T. Karalidi, J. Szulágyi, T. Currie, R. Fernandes, B. Ren and C. Xie for conversations that were helpful to our analysis. Support for this work was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant no. HST-HF2-51472.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract no. NAS5-26555. This paper is based on work funded by NSF Grant no. 1608834. The results reported herein benefited from collaborations and/or information exchange within NASA’s Nexus for Exoplanet System Science research coordination network sponsored by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. M.L.S., J.W. and K.L. were supported in part by NASA XRP program via grant nos. 80NSSC20K0252 and NNX17AF88G. F.M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 101053020, project Dust2Planets). We acknowledge the expertise of the Large Binocular Telescope Observatory (LBTO) staff, including J. Power and J. Carlson, for their support of these observations, and to LBTO director C. Veillet for enabling these observations through director’s discretionary time.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Astronomy and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Kevin Wagner, Steve Ertel, Dániel Apai, Jarron Leisenring, Kaitlin Kratter & Brittany Miles

  2. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

    Jordan Stone

  3. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Andrew Skemer, Phil Hinz & Zackery Briesemeister

  4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

    Ruobing Dong

  5. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Dániel Apai, Travis Barman & Mark Marley

  6. The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Eckhart Spalding

  7. Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO, USA

    Michael Sitko

  8. Observatory of Paris-PSL, CNRS, Meudon, France

    Anthony Boccaletti

  9. Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Korash Assani & Michael Skrutskie

  10. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Ammar Bayyari

  11. Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Taichi Uyama

  12. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Taichi Uyama

  13. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka Tokyo, Japan

    Taichi Uyama

  14. Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Charles E. Woodward

  15. Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, OK, USA

    Kellen Lawson

  16. University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France

    François Ménard

  17. Department of Astrophysics, CE Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Eric Pantin

  18. The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA

    Ray W. Russell

  19. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA

    John Wisniewski

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Contributions

Observations were carried out by K.W., J.S., S.E., E.S., M.S., A. Bayyari, K.A., A. Boccaletti and R.W.R. Data analysis was carried out by K.W., J.S. and A.S. Interpretation of results and preparation of the manuscript were done by K.W., J.S., A.S., S.E., R.D., D.A., E.S., J.L., M.S., K.K., T.B., M.M., B.M., A. Bayyari, K.A., A. Boccaletti, T.U., C.E.W., P.H., Z.B., K.L., F.M., E.P., R.W.R., M.S. and J.W.

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Correspondence to Kevin Wagner or Ruobing Dong.

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Wagner, K., Stone, J., Skemer, A. et al. Direct images and spectroscopy of a giant protoplanet driving spiral arms in MWC 758. Nat Astron 7, 1208–1217 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-02028-3

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