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A calibration point for stellar evolution from massive star asteroseismology

Nature Astronomy volume 7, pages 913–930 (2023)Cite this article

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An Author Correction to this article was published on 18 July 2023

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Abstract

Massive stars are progenitors of supernovae, neutron stars and black holes. During the hydrogen-core burning phase, their convective cores are the prime drivers of their evolution, but inferences of core masses are subject to unconstrained boundary mixing processes. Moreover, uncalibrated transport mechanisms can lead to strong envelope mixing and differential radial rotation. Ascertaining the efficiency of the transport mechanisms is challenging because of a lack of observational constraints. Here we deduce the convective core mass and robustly demonstrate non-rigid radial rotation in a supernova progenitor, the \(12.{0}_{-1.5}^{+1.5}\) solar-mass hydrogen-burning star HD 192575, using asteroseismology, Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite photometry, high-resolution spectroscopy and Gaia astrometry. We infer a convective core mass (\({M}_{{{{\rm{cc}}}}}=2.{9}_{-0.8}^{+0.5}\) solar masses), and find the core to be rotating between 1.4 and 6.3 times faster than the stellar envelope, depending on the location of the rotational shear layer. Our results deliver a robust inferred core mass of a massive star using asteroseismology from space-based photometry. HD 192575 is a unique anchor point for studying interior rotation and mixing processes, and thus also angular momentum transport mechanisms inside massive stars.

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Fig. 1: TESS data of the β Cep star HD 192575.
Fig. 2: Dominant pulsation modes in the best structure model of HD 192575 and their rotational kernels.
Fig. 3: Forward asteroseismic modelling results overview.
Fig. 4: Structure of the best-fitting model of HD 192575.
Fig. 5: Asteroseismic estimates of fcc/fenv in the massive star regime and predictions by rotating stellar evolution models.

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Data availability

The cycle 2 TESS data for HD 192575 can be retrieved from the MAST archive (https://archive.stsci.edu/). For information regarding the HERMES spectra, we refer to http://www.mercator.iac.es. The full frequency list in machine-readable format and the MESA/GYRE inlists needed to reproduce our results and figures are available through the open repository Zenodo (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7823538).

Code availability

The iterative pre-whitening code is freely available and documented at https://github.com/IvS-KULeuven/IvSPythonRepository. Information about access to the FASTWIND stellar atmosphere code can be found at https://fys.kuleuven.be/ster/research-projects/equation-folder/codes-folder/fastwind. The iacob-broad tool from the IACOB project is freely available from http://research.iac.es/proyecto/iacob/pages/en/useful-tools.php. The stellar evolution code, MESA, is freely available and documented at http://mesa.sourceforge.net/, and the stellar pulsation code, GYRE, is freely available from https://github.com/rhdtownsend/gyre and documented at https://gyre.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html.

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Acknowledgements

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 670519: MAMSIE). D.M.B. gratefully acknowledges a senior postdoctoral fellowship from the Research Foundation Flanders with grant agreement no. 1286521N. M.M. gratefully acknowledges a PhD scholarship from the Research Foundation Flanders under project no. 11F7120N. The research leading to these results has (partially) received funding from the KU Leuven Research Council (grant C16/18/005: PARADISE). S.S.-D. acknowledges support from the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación through grants PGC-2018-091 3741-B-C22 and PID2021-122397NB-C21, and from the Canarian Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society, of the Canary Islands Government, and the European Regional Development Fund, under grant with reference ProID2020010016. V.V. gratefully acknowledges support from the Research Foundation Flanders under grant agreement no. 1156923N. R.H.D.T. acknowledges support from NSF grant ACI-1663696 and NASA grant 80NSSC20K0515. G.H. acknowledges financial support by the Polish NCN grants 2015/18/A/ST9/00578 and 2021/43/B/ST9/02972. J.S.G.M. gratefully acknowledges funding from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), under grant MASSIF (ANR-21-CE31-0018-02). The MESA and GYRE developers are thanked for their efforts in providing, maintaining and supporting the use of the open-source stellar evolution code and pulsation codes. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. The TESS data presented in this paper were obtained from the MAST at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. Support to MAST for these data is provided by the NASA Office of Space Science via grant NAG5-7584 and by other grants and contracts. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. Based on observations made with the Mercator Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma by the Flemish Community, at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. Based on observations obtained with the HERMES spectrograph, which is supported by the Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium, the Research Council of KU Leuven, Belgium, the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Belgium, the Royal Observatory of Belgium, the Observatoire de Genève, Switzerland and the Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Germany. This work presents results from the European Space Agency space mission Gaia. Gaia data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia multilateral agreement. The computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the Flemish Supercomputer Center, funded by the Research Foundation Flanders and the Flemish government department EWI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Siemen Burssens, Dominic M. Bowman, Mathias Michielsen, Conny Aerts, Vincent Vanlaer, Gareth Banyard & Joey S. G. Mombarg

  2. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain

    Sergio Simón-Díaz

  3. Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

    Sergio Simón-Díaz

  4. Department of Astrophysics, IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

    Conny Aerts

  5. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany

    Conny Aerts

  6. Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France

    Nicolas Nardetto

  7. Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Richard H. D. Townsend

  8. Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    Richard H. D. Townsend

  9. Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

    Gerald Handler

  10. IRAP, UPS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France

    Joey S. G. Mombarg

  11. Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Roland Vanderspek & George Ricker

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  1. Siemen Burssens
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Contributions

S.B. discovered the variability of HD 192575 in TESS mission data, performed the photometric analysis, computed the model grid, performed the asteroseismic modelling and wrote the manuscript. D.M.B. defined the project, supervised S.B., contributed to the photometric and seismic analysis and guided the interpretation. M.M. and R.H.D.T. contributed to the modelling set-up and seismic analysis. S.S.D. performed the spectroscopic analysis and contributed the final atmospheric parameters. C.A. provided context, guided the exploitation of the avoided crossings and helped with the interpretation. V.V. contributed to the derivation of the stellar rotation profiles. G.B. contributed to the gathering of spectra and the RV analysis. N.N. provided the radius measurement from SBCRs. G.H. aided in the frequency analysis and the identification of the rotationally split multiplets. J.S.G.M. contributed to the gathering of spectra. R.V and G.R. are the deputy PI and the PI of the TESS mission, respectively. All authors discussed and commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Siemen Burssens or Dominic M. Bowman.

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Nature Astronomy thanks Charlotte Gehan, Anwesh Mazumdar and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary Figs. 1–17 and Tables 1–13.

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Burssens, S., Bowman, D.M., Michielsen, M. et al. A calibration point for stellar evolution from massive star asteroseismology. Nat Astron 7, 913–930 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-01978-y

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