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Data availability

The Keck MOSFIRE data of this work are publicly available from the Keck Observatory Archive (https://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/koa/public/koa.php). The long GRBs used for a simulation are publicly available from a GRB archive website (https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/grb_table.html/). Other data of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 11721303, 11890693 and 11991052) and the National Key R&D Program of China (grant numbers 2016YFA0400702 and 2016YFA0400703). We thank E. O. Ofek and M. Michałowski for helpful discussions.

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Contributions

L.J. analyzed the data and prepared the manuscript. B.Z. and L.C.H. helped to prepare the manuscript. All authors helped with the scientific interpretations and commented on the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Linhua Jiang.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Jiang, L., Wang, S., Zhang, B. et al. L. Jiang et al. reply. Nat Astron 5, 998–1000 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01474-1

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