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Modeling Glutaric Aciduria Type I in human neuroblastoma cells recapitulates neuronal damage that can be rescued by gene replacement

Gene Therapy volume 31, pages 12–18 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Glutaric Aciduria type I (GA1) is a rare neurometabolic disorder caused by mutations in the GDCH gene encoding for glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) in the catabolic pathway of lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan. GCDH deficiency leads to increased concentrations of glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OHGA) in body fluids and tissues. These metabolites are the main triggers of brain damage. Mechanistic studies supporting neurotoxicity in mouse models have been conducted. However, the different vulnerability to some stressors between mouse and human brain cells reveals the need to have a reliable human neuronal model to study GA1 pathogenesis. In the present work we generated a GCDH knockout (KO) in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. SH-SY5Y-GCDH KO cells accumulate GA, 3-OHGA, and glutarylcarnitine when exposed to lysine overload. GA or lysine treatment triggered neuronal damage in GCDH deficient cells. SH-SY5Y-GCDH KO cells also displayed features of GA1 pathogenesis such as increased oxidative stress vulnerability. Restoration of the GCDH activity by gene replacement rescued neuronal alterations. Thus, our findings provide a human neuronal cellular model of GA1 to study this disease and show the potential of gene therapy to rescue GCDH deficiency.

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Fig. 1: Characterization of SH-SY5Y GCDH-KO and SH-SY5Y GCDH-GI cells.
Fig. 2: Glutaric acid triggers SH-SY5Y GCDH-KO cell death.
Fig. 3: Lysine exposure compromises neuronal SH-SY5Y GCDH-KO metabolic activity.
Fig. 4: SH-SY5Y GCDH-KO cells are susceptible to oxidative stress.

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Data availability

Data is available within the published article and supplementary files. Additional data are available from corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Paula del Río for providing us with the plasmid pCCL.PGK.FANCA.WPRE. We are indebted to the Flow Cytometry Platform of IDIBAPS for technical help.

Funding

AM-B is recipient of a PIF-Salut predoctoral contract from Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain. MG-M is recipient of a Sara Borrell contract CD21/00019 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII). This work was supported by grants to CF from the CIVP19A5949-Fundación Ramon Areces, Merck Sharp Dohme España S.A, ACCI-CIBERER (ER21P2AC737) and PID2020-119692RB-C22 Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, with partial support from the Generalitat de Catalunya SGR2021/01169 and SGR2021/01423. It also acknowledges the support of CHARLIE Consortium, a project supported by ISCIII under the frame of E-Rare-3, the ERA-Net for Research on Rare Diseases, EJPRD grant nr: 825575. CIBERER is an initiative of the ISCIII. We also acknowledge the support of CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya. This work was developed at the Centro Esther Koplowitz, Barcelona, Spain.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: A. Mateu-Bosch, E. Segur-Bailach.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain

    A. Mateu-Bosch, E. Segur-Bailach, J. García-Villoria, S. Gea-Sorlí, J. Camps, M. Guitart-Mampel, G. Garrabou, F. Tort, A. Ribes & C. Fillat

  2. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain

    A. Mateu-Bosch, E. Segur-Bailach, M. Guitart-Mampel, G. Garrabou & C. Fillat

  3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain

    E. Segur-Bailach, J. García-Villoria, S. Gea-Sorlí, M. Guitart-Mampel, G. Garrabou, F. Tort, A. Ribes & C. Fillat

  4. Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-IBC, Biochemial and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    J. García-Villoria

  5. Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscle Disorders’ Research Group, Barcelona, Spain

    J. García-Villoria, M. Guitart-Mampel, G. Garrabou, F. Tort & A. Ribes

  6. Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular i Genètica Mèdica, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain

    I. Ruiz, J. del Rey & J. Camps

  7. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain

    J. Camps

Authors
  1. A. Mateu-Bosch
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Contributions

AM-B and ES-B performed the functional experiments and prepared the figures. JG-V developed the methods for metabolite analysis helped on the metabolite analysis, SG-S generated the constructs and contributed with some functional experiments. FT participated in the GCDH enzyme activity assays, GG and MG-M helped with the analysis of lipid peroxidation, AR provided GA1 pathology expertise and contributed to manuscript writing, JC, IR, and JR performed the FISH analysis, CF coordinated the study and wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to C. Fillat.

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Mateu-Bosch, A., Segur-Bailach, E., García-Villoria, J. et al. Modeling Glutaric Aciduria Type I in human neuroblastoma cells recapitulates neuronal damage that can be rescued by gene replacement. Gene Ther 31, 12–18 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434-023-00428-8

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