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Retinal VIP-amacrine cells: their development, structure, and function

Eye volume 38, pages 1065–1076 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Amacrine cells (ACs) are the most structurally and functionally diverse neuron type in the retina. Different ACs have distinct functions, such as neuropeptide secretion and inhibitory connection. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) -ergic -ACs are retina gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -ergic -ACs that were discovered long ago. They secrete VIP and form connections with bipolar cells (BCs), other ACs, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). They have a specific structure, density, distribution, and function. They play an important role in myopia, light stimulated responses, retinal vascular disease and other ocular diseases. Their significance in the study of refractive development and disease is increasing daily. However, a systematic review of the structure and function of retinal VIP-ACs is lacking. We discussed the detailed characteristics of VIP-ACs from every aspect across species and providing systematic knowledge base for future studies. Our review led to the main conclusion that retinal VIP-ACs develop early, and although their morphology and distribution across species are not the same, they have similar functions in a wide range of ocular diseases based on their function of secreting neuropeptides and forming inhibitory connections with other cells.

摘要

无长突细胞(ACs)是视网膜中结构和功能最多样的神经元类型。不同的ACs具有不同的功能, 如神经肽分泌和抑制连接等。血管活性肠肽(VIP)能AC是较久远发现的视网膜γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能ACs, 分泌VIP并与双极细胞(BC)、其他 AC和视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)形成连接。它们具有特定的结构、密度、分布和功能。它们在近视、光刺激反应、视网膜血管疾病和其他眼部疾病的发病机制中起重要作用。它们在屈光发育和疾病研究中的作用及意义越来越大。然而, 目前关于视网膜VIP-ACs 的结构和功能缺乏系统综述。我们从不同物种的各个方面详细讨论了VIP-AC的特点, 为今后的研究提供了系统的知识基础。本综述得出的主要结论是, 视网膜 VIP-AC发育较早, 尽管它们的形态和分布在物种之间不同, 但基于其分泌神经肽和与其他细胞形成抑制性连接的功能在各种眼部疾病中具有相似的功能。

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Fig. 1: The developmental sequence of different ACs and VIP-ACs in other studies.
Fig. 2: VIP-AC subtypes and connections.
Fig. 3: The proportion, distribution and soma diameter of VIP-ACs.
Fig. 4: VIP functions as a neuromodulator in neurons and glia.
Fig. 5: The potential mechanism of VIP secretion, cellular connection and ocular diseases that VIP-ACs related.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the authors of the primary studies. We used Adobe Illustrator to create the figures in this article. We thank Biorender (https://app.biorender.com/) for providing the picturing materials.

Funding

We thank the following funding sources: The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA16040200); The Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LZ19H120001); The National Nature Foundation Youth (Approval Number: 82201194); The National Nature Foundation (Approval Number: 82371084).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Xuhong Zhang, Xiaoyu Wang, Jiru Zhu, Kuangqi Chen, Jianping Tong & Ye Shen

  2. Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Xiaoyu Wang & Rahim Ullah

  3. Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

    Rahim Ullah

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X-HZ and X-YW wrote the manuscript, J-RZ, K-QC and UR prepared the references and revision of the manuscript, YS and T-JP arranged the manuscript and revised the manuscript.

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Zhang, X., Wang, X., Zhu, J. et al. Retinal VIP-amacrine cells: their development, structure, and function. Eye 38, 1065–1076 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-023-02844-x

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