Abstract
Design
Cooperative analysis of participants and controls.
Data source
Wiley Online Library, National Institute of Health, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar.
Study selection
Human clinical trials age 18–30 years old, a case-control study included 291 individuals, 192 TMDs and 99 controls. All patients underwent assessment based on a questionnaire and a clinical examination according to Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Patients who underwent orthodontic treatment were compared to those who did not, regarding their trauma history, bruxism, aggressive teeth brushing, level of oral hygiene, pain scores, muscle tenderness scores and subjective sleep quality.
Exclusion criteria
Medical and/or dental emergencies, subjects with a history of drug, alcohol or medication abuse, fibromyalgia, being pregnant or lactating, having a coexisting mental, psychiatric, or physical disability, cancerous or significant medical problems and the consumption of drugs and/or medications that affect the nervous system including narcotics, TCA (tricyclic antidepressants), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxants and medication overuse headache.
Data extraction synthesis
To identify differences between groups, categorical independent variables were analysed using the chi-square test or likelihood ratio, while numeric independent variables were analysed using independent t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A two-tailed level of statistical significance (α) was established at 0.05. Analysis of multicollinearity was performed following the univariate analyses to examine the collinearity among the independent variables and select independent variables with minimal correlation. Among the highly correlated variables, only one was selected for inclusion in the multivariate model, with the specific variable chosen based on contextual considerations.
Results
The research comprised a total of 291 individuals, consisting of two distinct groups: the TMD group (192 participants, 66%) and the control group (99 participants, 34%). Within the TMD group, further subcategorization was conducted, including MMP (masticatory muscle pain) with 44 individuals (15%); TMJD with 26 individuals (9%); and TMP (both MMP and TMJ) with 122 individuals (42%).
Conclusions
Using a “holistic” and a “collinearity statistical approach and the utilization of a multivariate model” the conclusion is that TMD is not associated with orthodontics.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 4 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $64.75 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Gelb M. Airway centric TMJ philosophy, CDA J. 42, 2014.
Ozbek MM, Miyamoto K, Lowe AA, Fleetham JA. Natural head posture, upper airway morphology and obstructive sleep apnoea severity in adults. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:133–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/20.2.133.
Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G. Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain–gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Front. Psychiatry. 2018;9:44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044.
Bell JS, Spencer JI, Yates RL, Yee SA, Jacobs BM, DeLuca GC. Invited review: From nose to gut - the role of the microbiome in neurological disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2019;45:195–215.
Parkar SG, Kalsbeek A, Cheeseman JF. Potential role for the gut microbiota in modulating host circadian rhythms and metabolic health. Microorganisms. 2019;7:41. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020041.
Pain regulation by gut microbiota: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential, Br J Anaesth 123. 637–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.026.
Han Y, Wang B, et al. Vagus nerve and underlying impact on the gut microbiota-brain axis in behavior and neurodegenerative diseases. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:6213–30. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S384949.
Dash S, et al. The gut microbiome and diet in psychiatry. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2015;28:1–6.
Yoon A, Gozal D, Kushida C, Pelayo R, Liu S, Faldu J, et al. A roadmap of craniofacial growth modification for children with sleep-disordered breathing: a multidisciplinary proposal. Sleep. 2023;46:zsad095. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad095.
Behrents RG, Shelgikar AV, Conley RS, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: An American Association of Orthodontists White Paper. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2019;156:13–28.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.04.009.
Sanders AE, Essick GK, Fillingim R, Knott C, Ohrbach R, et al. Sleep apnea symptoms and risk of temporomandibular disorder: OPPERA cohort. J Dent Res. 2013;92:70S–7S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034513488140.
Wu J-H, Lee K-T, Kuo C-Y, Cheng C-H, Chiu J-Y, Hung J-Y, et al. The association between temporomandibular disorder and sleep apnea—a nationwide population-based cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176311.
Dao N, Cozean C, Chernyshev O, Kushida C, Greenburg J, Alexander JS. Retrospective analysis of real-world data for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with slow maxillary expansion using a unique expansion dental appliance (DNA). Pathophysiology. 2023;30:199–208.
Yoon A, Kim TK, Abdelwahab M, Nguyen M, Suh HY, Park J, et al. What changes in maxillary morphology from distraction osteogenesis maxillary expansion (DOME) correlate with subjective and objective OSA measures? Sleep Breath. 2023;27:1967–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-022-02761-5.
Wang X, Chen H, Jia L, Xu X, Guo J. The relationship between three-dimensional craniofacial and upper airway anatomical variables and severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Eur J Orthodont. 2022;44:78–85.
Denworth L, The significant problem of P values, Scientific American, 2019, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-significant-problem-of-p-values/
Lockerman L. Deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. If it quacks like a duck, then is it a duck? CRANIO. 2022;40:287–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2022.2086355.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lockerman, L.Z. Disclosure orthodontic and TMD – new study. Evid Based Dent (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41432-024-00991-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41432-024-00991-y