How far does feedback on oral malodor assessment influence the decision to quit smoking?

Abstract

Design

A retrospective, uncontrolled, questionnaire-based, pre-post study involving adult male smoker volunteers who were invited to attend a one-day smoking cessation event at their workplace.

Objective

To assess the effect of feedback on motivation for smoking cessation using oral-malodor measurements.

Methods

At baseline, the participants attended a brief video presentation regarding various oral health-specific effects of smoking, joined a group introduction to smoking-cessation aids, and were given questionnaires that inquired information about smoking status including type, daily consumption, and duration. Subsequently, respiratory function and oral-malodor assessment were conducted using exhaled and oral cavity air, respectively. To measure oral-malodor, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide concentrations were determined. Participants’ intention for smoking cessation was evaluated through questionnaire before and after the event, classifying their intentions as aiming to quit within the next month, within the next 6 months, or having no intention to quit smoking. Immediate feedback on respiratory function and oral malodor measurements was provided by medical and dental blinded examiners, respectively.

Results

A total of 241 men, aged 20–54 years, were enrolled and included: 169 (70.1%) exclusive cigarette smokers, 39 (16.2%) exclusive heated-tobacco product users, and 33 (13.7%) users of both. Prior to the health event, 8.7%, 17.0%, and 74.3% of smokers expressed intentions to quit within the next month, the next 6 months, or had no intention to quit, respectively. After the event, the corresponding percentages shifted to 17.8%, 26.6%, and 55.6%. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the association with intention to quit in the next month was significant only for methyl mercaptan concentration in oral cavity air, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 4.24 (95% CI: 1.52–11.84; p = 0.006). Sensitivity analysis revealed that this association was concentration-dependent. On the other hand, higher daily tobacco consumption (≥ 15 pieces) was significantly associated with less likely intention to quit in the next 6 months (AOR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.15–0.92, p = 0.032).

Conclusion

Feedback on oral malodor measurement may support the motivation of men to quit smoking within the next month, rather than waiting for the next 6 months.