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Influence of the vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diet on the oral health status in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Evidence-Based Dentistry volume 24, pages 43–44 (2023)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Objective

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the influence of the nature of diet (vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore) on the oral health status in adults.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases [PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL], online search engines (Google Scholar), research portals, and hand searches were performed systematically to identify studies. The last literature search was performed February 1st, 2021. Studies were included if they reported on the influence of the nature of diet on the oral health status (oral hygiene, periodontal health, dental status, and salivary function) in adults, by two investigators. Inter-investigator reliability was evaluated using Kappa (κ) statistics. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020211567.

Results

Twenty-two studies were included for data extraction and final analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the bleeding on probing measure was higher in omnivores (Z = −4.057, p < 0.0001; 95% CI: −0.684, −0.238; I2 = 0.0%) and the overall periodontal health was significantly better in vegan/vegetarians than omnivores (Z = −2.632, p = 0.008; 95% CI: −0.274, −0.073; I2 = 29.7%). Vegan/vegetarians demonstrated more dental erosion (Z = 3.325, p = 0.001; 95% CI: 0.170, 0.659; I2 = 0.0%). In adults over 60 years old, the prevalence of caries was higher in omnivores (Z = 3.244, p = 0.001; 95% CI: 0.092, 0.371; I2 = 0.0%), while complete edentulism was more prevalent in vegetarians (Z = −4.147, p < 0.0001; 95% CI: −0.550, −0.197; I2 = 0.0%).

Conclusions

This review reveals that adults on an omnivore diet may be associated with a higher risk for periodontal problems and dental caries, while vegetarians/vegans may be associated with a higher risk for dental erosion.

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Fig. 1: PRISMA flow diagram.
Fig. 2: Effect of diet on oral hygiene.
Fig. 3: Effect of diet on periodontal health.
Fig. 4: Effect of diet on dental status.
Fig. 5: Effect of diet on salivary flow rate.
Fig. 6: Effect of diet on oral health status in elders.
Fig. 7: Publication bias (salivary function).

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Data availability

All the data extracted and analyzed are presented in the manuscript, further information can be made available on request in writing.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Mrs. Elena van der Heijden from the Clinic of General, Special Care and Geriatric Dentistry for her help in translating and guidance with studies published in Russian language.

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  1. Clinic of General, Special Care and Geriatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland

    Luana Giò Azzola, Nicolas Fankhauser & Murali Srinivasan

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LGA designed research, conducted research, provided essential materials, analyzed data, wrote paper, read, and approved the final manuscript. NF conducted research, provided essential materials, analyzed data, read, and approved the final manuscript. MS designed research, provided essential materials, analyzed data, performed statistical analysis, had primary responsibility for final content, read and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Murali Srinivasan.

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Azzola, L.G., Fankhauser, N. & Srinivasan, M. Influence of the vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diet on the oral health status in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Dent 24, 43–44 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41432-023-00853-z

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