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Postprandial glucose metabolism in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: potential targets for improvement

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 78, pages 79–86 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

The main goal of therapeutic management of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is to maintain optimal glycemic control to prevent acute and long-term diabetes complications and to enable a good quality of life. Postprandial glycemia makes a substantial contribution to overall glycemic control and variability in diabetes and, despite technological advancements in insulin treatments, optimal postprandial glycemia is difficult to achieve. Several factors influence postprandial blood glucose levels in children and adolescents with T1DM, including nutritional habits and adjustment of insulin doses according to meal composition. Additionally, hormone secretion, enteroendocrine axis dysfunction, altered gastrointestinal digestion and absorption, and physical activity play important roles. Meal-time routines, intake of appropriate ratios of macronutrients, and correct adjustment of the insulin dose for the meal composition have positive impacts on postprandial glycemic variability and long-term cardiometabolic health of the individual with T1DM. Further knowledge in the field is necessary for management of all these factors to be part of routine pediatric diabetes education and clinical practice. Thus, the aim of this report is to review the main factors that influence postprandial blood glucose levels and metabolism, focusing on macronutrients and other nutritional and lifestyle factors, to suggest potential targets for improving postprandial glycemia in the management of children and adolescents with T1DM.

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Fig. 1: The multiple factors that influence postprandial glucose metabolism.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Alice Maguolo, Giorgia Mazzuca & Claudio Maffeis

  2. School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

    Carmel E. Smart

  3. Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia

    Carmel E. Smart

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  1. Alice Maguolo
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  2. Giorgia Mazzuca
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  3. Carmel E. Smart
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  4. Claudio Maffeis
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AM, GM and CES performed the literature search and wrote the manuscript; AM, GM, CES and CM discussed and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Alice Maguolo.

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Maguolo, A., Mazzuca, G., Smart, C.E. et al. Postprandial glucose metabolism in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: potential targets for improvement. Eur J Clin Nutr 78, 79–86 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-023-01359-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-023-01359-8

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