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S1P/S1PR1 signaling differentially regulates the allogeneic response of CD4 and CD8 T cells by modulating mitochondrial fission

Cellular & Molecular Immunology volume 19, pages 1235–1250 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) significantly contributes to patient morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is involved in the biogenetic processes of different immune cells. In the current study, we demonstrated that recipient sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1), but not Sphk2, was required for optimal S1PR1-dependent donor T-cell allogeneic responses by secreting S1P. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we demonstrated that inhibition of Sphk1 or S1PR1 substantially attenuated acute GVHD (aGVHD) while retaining the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. At the cellular level, the Sphk1/S1P/S1PR1 pathway differentially modulated the alloreactivity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; it facilitated T-cell differentiation into Th1/Th17 cells but not Tregs and promoted CD4+ T-cell infiltration into GVHD target organs but was dispensable for the CTL activity of allogeneic CD8+ T cells. At the molecular level, the Sphk1/S1P/S1PR1 pathway augmented mitochondrial fission and increased mitochondrial mass in allogeneic CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells by activating the AMPK/AKT/mTOR/Drp1 pathway, providing a mechanistic basis for GVL maintenance when S1P signaling was inhibited. For translational purposes, we detected the regulatory efficacy of pharmacologic inhibitors of Sphk1 and S1PR1 in GVHD induced by human T cells in a xenograft model. Our study provides novel mechanistic insight into how the Sphk1/S1P/S1PR1 pathway modulates T-cell alloreactivity and validates Sphk1 or S1PR1 as a therapeutic target for the prevention of GVHD and leukemia relapse. This novel strategy may be readily translated into the clinic to benefit patients with hematologic malignancies and disorders.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the technical support provided by the Department of Laboratory Animal Research, Flow Cytometry Core and Imaging Core as part of the Hollings Cancer Center at the MUSC, which is funded by Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA138313 from the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute (NCI).

Funding

This work is supported in part by SmartState Cancer Stem Cell Biology & Therapy Program and by R01 grants from the National Institutes of Health, including AI118305, HL140953 and CA258440 (X.-Z.Y.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Linlu Tian, Yongxia Wu, Hee-Jin Choi, Xiaohui Sui, M. Hanief Sofi & Xue-Zhong Yu

  2. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Linlu Tian, Yongxia Wu, Hee-Jin Choi & Xue-Zhong Yu

  3. Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Xinlei Li & Xiao Chen

  4. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Mohamed Faisal Kassir & Besim Ogretmen

  5. Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Shikhar Mehrotra

  6. Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Shikhar Mehrotra, Besim Ogretmen & Xue-Zhong Yu

  7. The Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Xue-Zhong Yu

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Contributions

LT participated in the research design and execution of the experiments, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript; YW performed long-term and short-term allo-BMT experiments (WT, Sphk1−/− and Sphk2−/− transplantation from C57BL/6 mice to BALB/c mice); HC, XS, XL and HS participated in some of the experiments; MK performed the T-cell transfection assay; BO, SK, and XC participated in the research design, provided essential reagents, and/or edited and revised the manuscript; and X-ZY designed the research, interpreted the data, and edited and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xue-Zhong Yu.

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Tian, L., Wu, Y., Choi, HJ. et al. S1P/S1PR1 signaling differentially regulates the allogeneic response of CD4 and CD8 T cells by modulating mitochondrial fission. Cell Mol Immunol 19, 1235–1250 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-022-00921-x

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