Abstract
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through chromosomal instability (CIN) or microsatellite instability (MSI) due to deficient mismatch-repair (dMMR). We aimed to characterise novel cancer-associated genes that are downregulated upon malignant transformation in microsatellite stable (MSS) CRCs, which typically exhibit CIN with proficient mismatch-repair (pMMR).
Methods
Comprehensive screening was conducted on adenomas, MSI/MSS CRCs and cell lines, followed by copy number analysis, and their genetic and prognostic relevance was confirmed in microarray and RNA-seq cohorts (nā=ā3262, in total). Immunohistochemistry for SH2D4A was performed in 524 specimens of adenoma, carcinoma in situ and dMMR/pMMR CRC. The functional role of SH2D4A was investigated using CRC cell lines.
Results
A set of 11 genes, including SH2D4A, was downregulated during the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in MSS/CIN CRCs, mainly due to chromosome 8p deletions, and their negative prognostic impact was validated in independent cohorts. All adenomas were SH2D4A positive, but a subset of CRCs (5.3%) lacked SH2D4A immunohistochemical staining, correlating with poor prognosis and scarce T cell infiltration. SH2D4A depletion did not affect cell proliferation or IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that downregulation of multiple genes on chromosome 8p, including SH2D4A, cooperatively contribute to tumorigenesis, resulting in the immune cold tumour microenvironment and poor prognosis.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 24 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $10.79 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The public datasets used in this study are available from the GEO database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo).
References
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660.
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW. Cancer genome landscapes. Science. 2013;339:1546ā58.
Sansregret L, Vanhaesebroeck B, Swanton C. Determinants and clinical implications of chromosomal instability in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15:139ā50.
Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC. Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158:291ā302.
Network, T. C. G. A. Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature. 2012;487:330ā7.
Pino MS, Chung DC. The chromosomal instability pathway in colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:2059ā72.
Shih IM, Zhou W, Goodman SN, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Evidence that genetic instability occurs at an early stage of colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2001;61:818ā22.
Dekker E, Tanis PJ, Vleugels JLA, Kasi PM, Wallace MB. Colorectal cancer. Lancet. 2019;394:1467ā80.
Ganesh K, Stadler ZK, Cercek A, Mendelsohn RB, Shia J, Segal NH, et al. Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: rationale, challenges and potential. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16:361ā75.
Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, de ReyniĆØs A, Schlicker A, Soneson C, et al. The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Nat Med. 2015;21:1350ā6.
Davoli T, Uno H, Wooten EC, Elledge SJ. Tumor aneuploidy correlates with markers of immune evasion and with reduced response to immunotherapy. Science. 2017;355:eaaf8399.
Taylor AM, Shih J, Ha G, Gao GF, Zhang X, Berger AC, et al. Genomic and functional approaches to understanding cancer aneuploidy. Cancer Cell. 2018;33:676ā89 e673.
Thorsson V, Gibbs DL, Brown SD, Wolf D, Bortone DS, Ou Yang TH, et al. The immune landscape of cancer. Immunity. 2018;48:812ā30 e814.
Bakhoum SF, Cantley LC. The multifaceted role of chromosomal instability in cancer and its microenvironment. Cell. 2018;174:1347ā60.
Kwon J, Bakhoum SF. The cytosolic DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway in cancer. Cancer Discov. 2020;10:26ā39.
Gao J, Aksoy BA, Dogrusoz U, Dresdner G, Gross B, Sumer SO, et al. Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal. Sci Signal. 2013;6:pl1.
Liu Y, Sethi NS, Hinoue T, Schneider BG, Cherniack AD, Sanchez-Vega F, et al. Comparative molecular analysis of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Cancer Cell. 2018;33:721ā35 e728.
Endo E, Okayama H, Saito K, Nakajima S, Yamada L, Ujiie D, et al. A TGFbeta-dependent stromal subset underlies immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in DNA mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2020;18:1402ā13.
Vasaikar S, Huang C, Wang X, Petyuk VA, Savage SR, Wen B, et al. Proteogenomic analysis of human colon cancer reveals new therapeutic opportunities. Cell. 2019;177:1035ā49 e1019.
Sheffer M, Bacolod MD, Zuk O, Giardina SF, Pincas H, Barany F, et al. Association of survival and disease progression with chromosomal instability: a genomic exploration of colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:7131ā6.
Medico E, Russo M, Picco G, Cancelliere C, Valtorta E, Corti G, et al. The molecular landscape of colorectal cancer cell lines unveils clinically actionable kinase targets. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7002.
Yoshihara K, Shahmoradgoli M, Martinez E, Vegesna R, Kim H, Torres-Garcia W, et al. Inferring tumour purity and stromal and immune cell admixture from expression data. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2612.
Huang da W, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat Protoc. 2009;4:44ā57.
Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Japanese Classification of Colorectal, Appendiceal, and Anal Carcinoma: the 3d English Edition [Secondary Publication]. J Anus Rectum Colon. 2019;3:175ā95.
Noda M, Okayama H, Tachibana K, Sakamoto W, Saito K, Thar Min AK, et al. Glycosyltransferase gene expression identifies a poor prognostic colorectal cancer subtype associated with mismatch repair deficiency and incomplete glycan synthesis. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24:4468ā81.
Roessler S, Long EL, Budhu A, Chen Y, Zhao X, Ji J, et al. Integrative genomic identification of genes on 8p associated with hepatocellular carcinoma progression and patient survival. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:957ā66 e912.
Quagliata L, Andreozzi M, Kovac M, Tornillo L, Makowska Z, Moretti F, et al. SH2D4A is frequently downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhotic nodules. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50:731ā8.
Ploeger C, Waldburger N, Fraas A, Goeppert B, Pusch S, Breuhahn K, et al. Chromosome 8p tumor suppressor genes SH2D4A and SORBS3 cooperate to inhibit interleukin-6 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2016;64:828ā42.
Birnbaum D, Adelaide J, Popovici C, Charafe-Jauffret E, Mozziconacci MJ, Chaffanet M. Chromosome arm 8p and cancer: a fragile hypothesis. Lancet Oncol. 2003;4:639ā42.
Cai Y, Crowther J, Pastor T, Abbasi Asbagh L, Baietti MF, De Troyer M, et al. Loss of chromosome 8p governs tumor progression and drug response by altering lipid metabolism. Cancer Cell. 2016;29:751ā66.
Lebok P, Mittenzwei A, Kluth M, Ozden C, Taskin B, Hussein K, et al. 8p deletion is strongly linked to poor prognosis in breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2015;16:1080ā7.
Kluth M, Amschler NN, Galal R, Moller-Koop C, Barrow P, Tsourlakis MC, et al. Deletion of 8p is an independent prognostic parameter in prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8:379ā92.
El Gammal AT, Bruchmann M, Zustin J, Isbarn H, Hellwinkel OJ, Kollermann J, et al. Chromosome 8p deletions and 8q gains are associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:56ā64.
Shang B, Liu Y, Jiang SJ, Liu Y. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:15179.
Saito T, Nishikawa H, Wada H, Nagano Y, Sugiyama D, Atarashi K, et al. Two FOXP3(+)CD4(+) T cell subpopulations distinctly control the prognosis of colorectal cancers. Nat Med. 2016;22:679ā84.
Saleh R, Elkord E. FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells in cancer: prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cancer Lett. 2020;490:174ā85.
Beroukhim R, Mermel CH, Porter D, Wei G, Raychaudhuri S, Donovan J, et al. The landscape of somatic copy-number alteration across human cancers. Nature. 2010;463:899ā905.
Xue W, Kitzing T, Roessler S, Zuber J, Krasnitz A, Schultz N, et al. A cluster of cooperating tumor-suppressor gene candidates in chromosomal deletions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:8212ā7.
Muleris M, Chalastanis A, Meyer N, Lae M, Dutrillaux B, Sastre-Garau X, et al. Chromosomal instability in near-diploid colorectal cancer: a link between numbers and structure. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e1632.
Funding
This work was supported by grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Numbers 20K09061 and 20K08963.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
HO and KK provided the study concept and design. HO, YK, HO, SH, SF, WS, MS, ZS and TM collected the data. TM, SN, KS, MI and AK performed the experiments. TM, HO, SN and KM interpret the data. TM, HO and KK wrote the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted in compliance with the declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fukushima Medical University (No. 2289 and No. 2847), and samples were obtained with the patientsā informed consent.
Additional information
Publisherās note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Matsumoto, T., Okayama, H., Nakajima, S. et al. SH2D4A downregulation due to loss of chromosome 8p is associated with poor prognosis and low T cell infiltration in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 126, 917ā926 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-021-01660-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-021-01660-y
This article is cited by
-
SH2D4A promotes centrosome maturation to support spindle microtubule formation and mitotic progression
Scientific Reports (2023)