Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Non-GVHD ocular complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation: expert review from the Late Effects and Quality of Life Working Committee of the CIBMTR and Transplant Complications Working Party of the EBMT

Bone Marrow Transplantation volume 54, pages 648–661 (2019)Cite this article

Subjects

A Correction to this article was published on 27 February 2019

This article has been updated

Abstract

Non-graft-vs.-host disease (non-GVHD) ocular complications are generally uncommon after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), but can cause prolonged morbidity affecting activities of daily living and quality of life. Here we provide an expert review of non-GVHD ocular complications in a collaboration between transplant physicians and ophthalmologists through the Late Effects and Quality of Life Working Committee of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research and the Transplant Complications Working Party of the European Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Complications discussed in this review include cataracts, glaucoma, ocular infections, ocular involvement with malignancy, ischemic microvascular retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and ocular toxicities associated with medications. We have summarized incidence, risk factors, screening, prevention and treatment of individual complicastions and generated evidence-based recommendations. Baseline ocular evaluation before HCT should be considered in all patients who undergo HCT. Follow-up evaluations should be considered according to clinical symptoms, signs and risk factors. Better preventive strategies and treatments remain to be investigated for individual ocular complications after HCT. Both transplant physicians and ophthalmologists should be knowledgeable of non-GVHD ocular complications and provide comprehensive collaborative team care.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 27 February 2019

    The original version of this Article was updated to correct author name ‘Ahmad A’ to ‘Aisha Al-Khinji’.

  • 27 February 2019

    In the original version of this article, author ‘Aisha Al-Khinji’ was incorrectly listed as ‘Aisha Ahmed’. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article to ‘Aisha Al-Khinji’.

References

  1. Socie G, Salooja N, Cohen A, Rovelli A, Carreras E, Locasciulli A, et al. Nonmalignant late effects after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2003;101:3373–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Inamoto Y, Lee SJ. Late effects of blood and marrow transplantation. Haematologica. 2017;102:614–25.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Battiwalla M, Hashmi S, Majhail N, Pavletic S, Savani BN, Shelburne N. National Institutes of Health Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Late Effects Initiative: Developing Recommendations to Improve Survivorship and Long-Term Outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23:6–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Couriel D, Carpenter PA, Cutler C, Bolanos-Meade J, Treister NS, Gea-Banacloche J, et al. Ancillary therapy and supportive care of chronic graft-versus-host disease: national institutes of health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic Graft-versus-host disease: V. Ancillary Therapy and Supportive Care Working Group Report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006;12:375–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dunn JP, Jabs DA, Wingard J, Enger C, Vogelsang G, Santos G. Bone marrow transplantation and cataract development. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1367–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tichelli A, Gratwohl A, Egger T, Roth J, Prunte A, Nissen C, et al. Cataract formation after bone marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:1175–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kinori M, Bielorai B, Souroujon D, Hutt D, Ben-Bassat Mizrachi I, Huna-Baron R. Ocular complications in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation without total body irradiation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253:1397–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Frisk P, Hagberg H, Mandahl A, Soderberg P, Lonnerholm G. Cataracts after autologous bone marrow transplantation in children. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:814–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Benyunes MC, Sullivan KM, Deeg HJ, Mori M, Meyer W, Fisher L, et al. Cataracts after bone marrow transplantation: long-term follow-up of adults treated with fractionated total body irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;32:661–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Belkacemi Y, Labopin M, Vernant JP, Prentice HG, Tichelli A, Schattenberg A, et al. Cataracts after total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation in patients with acute leukemia in complete remission: a study of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:659–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. van Kempen-Harteveld ML, van Weel-Sipman MH, Emmens C, Noordijk EM, van der Tweel I, Revesz T, et al. Eye shielding during total body irradiation for bone marrow transplantation in children transplanted for a hematological disorder: risks and benefits. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31:1151–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fahnehjelm KT, Tornquist AL, Olsson M, Winiarski J. Visual outcome and cataract development after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation in children. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85:724–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. van Kempen-Harteveld ML, Struikmans H, Kal HB, van der Tweel I, Mourits MP, Verdonck LF, et al. Cataract-free interval and severity of cataract after total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation: influence of treatment parameters. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:807–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Najima Y, Kakihana K, Ohashi K, Yamamoto N, Kobayashi T, Yamashita T, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of cataracts following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol. 2011;86:508–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Leeder SR. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of cataracts. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:8–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bernard F, Auquier P, Herrmann I, Contet A, Poiree M, Demeocq F, et al. Health status of childhood leukemia survivors who received hematopoietic cell transplantation after BU or TBI: an LEA study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49:709–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tear Fahnehjelm K, Tornquist AL, Olsson M, Backstrom I, Andersson Gronlund M, Winiarski J. Cataract after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in childhood. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105:82–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. de Melo Franco R, Kron-Gray MM, De la Parra-Colin P, He Y, Musch DC, Mian SI, et al. Outcomes of cataract surgery in graft-versus-host disease. Cornea. 2015;34:506–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, Gress R, Sepkowitz K, Storek J, et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15:1143–238.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ullmann AJ, Schmidt-Hieber M, Bertz H, Heinz WJ, Kiehl M, Kruger W, et al. Infectious diseases in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: prevention and prophylaxis strategy guidelines 2016. Ann Hematol. 2016;95:1435–55.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Tabbara KF, Al-Ghamdi A, Al-Mohareb F, Ayas M, Chaudhri N, Al-Sharif F, et al. Ocular findings after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1624–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Coskuncan NM, Jabs DA, Dunn JP, Haller JA, Green WR, Vogelsang GB, et al. The eye in bone marrow transplantation. VI. Retinal complications. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:372–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sumi M, Aosai F, Norose K, Takeda W, Kirihara T, Sato K, et al. Acute exacerbation of Toxoplasma gondii infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: five case reports among 279 recipients. Int J Hematol. 2013;98:214–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Decembrino N, Comelli A, Genco F, Vitullo A, Recupero S, Zecca M, et al. Toxoplasmosis disease in paediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: do not forget it still exists. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2017;52:1326–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Crippa F, Corey L, Chuang EL, Sale G, Boeckh M. Virological, clinical, and ophthalmologic features of cytomegalovirus retinitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:214–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jeon S, Lee WK, Lee Y, Lee DG, Lee JW. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with cytomegalovirus viremia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1892–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hiwarkar P, Gajdosova E, Qasim W, Worth A, Breuer J, Chiesa R, et al. Frequent occurrence of cytomegalovirus retinitis during immune reconstitution warrants regular ophthalmic screening in high-risk pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1700–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Larochelle MB, Phan R, Craddock J, Abzug MJ, Curtis D, Robinson CC, et al. Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in Pediatric Stem Cell Transplants: Report of a Recent Cluster and the Development of a Screening Protocol. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;175:8–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chen Y, Scieux C, Garrait V, Socie G, Rocha V, Molina JM, et al. Resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: an emerging concern after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:927–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Koc Y, Miller KB, Schenkein DP, Griffith J, Akhtar M, DesJardin J, et al. Varicella zoster virus infections following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: frequency, risk factors, and clinical outcome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2000;6:44–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Walton RC, Reed KL. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus following bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;23:1317–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Castleton A, Kottaridis PD. A case of ‘red eye’ post allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007;39:241–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Donahue SP, Greven CM, Zuravleff JJ, Eller AW, Nguyen MH, Peacock JE Jr., et al. Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia. Clin Implic Deriv a Prospect Multicent Study Ophthalmol. 1994;101:1302–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Shah VM, Tandon R, Satpathy G, Nayak N, Chawla B, Agarwal T, et al. Randomized clinical study for comparative evaluation of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones with the combination of fortified antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers. Cornea. 2010;29:751–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kramer M, Kramer MR, Blau H, Bishara J, Axer-Siegel R, Weinberger D. Intravitreal voriconazole for the treatment of endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1184–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Prajna NV, Krishnan T, Mascarenhas J, Rajaraman R, Prajna L, Srinivasan M, et al. The mycotic ulcer treatment trial: a randomized trial comparing natamycin vs voriconazole. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:422–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Martino R, Bretagne S, Einsele H, Maertens J, Ullmann AJ, Parody R, et al. Early detection of Toxoplasma infection by molecular monitoring of Toxoplasma gondii in peripheral blood samples after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:67–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bosch-Driessen LH, Verbraak FD, Suttorp-Schulten MS, van Ruyven RL, Klok AM, Hoyng CB, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of pyrimethamine and azithromycin vs pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:34–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Leen AM, Bollard CM, Mendizabal AM, Shpall EJ, Szabolcs P, Antin JH, et al. Multicenter study of banked third-party virus-specific T cells to treat severe viral infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2013;121:5113–23.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Saral R, Burns WH, Laskin OL, Santos GW, Lietman PS. Acyclovir prophylaxis of herpes-simplex-virus infections. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:63–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Matthes-Martin S, Feuchtinger T, Shaw PJ, Engelhard D, Hirsch HH, Cordonnier C, et al. European guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of adenovirus infection in leukemia and stem cell transplantation: summary of ECIL-4. Transpl Infect Dis. 2011;2012:555–63.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Green W, Rao PK, Harocopos GJ. Extramedullary relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia presenting as a large serous retinal detachment. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2017;3:95–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Matsuo T, Tanaka T, Ichimura K, Meguri Y. Intraocular relapse with hypopyon and retinal infiltrates after chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop. 2015;55:157–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rothova A, Ooijman F, Kerkhoff F, Van Der Lelij A, Lokhorst HM. Uveitis masquerade syndromes. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:386–99.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cohen VM, Dinakaran S, Parsons MA, Rennie IG. Transvitreal fine needle aspiration biopsy: the influence of intraocular lesion size on diagnostic biopsy result. Eye. 2001;15:143–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hormigo A, Abrey L, Heinemann MH, DeAngelis LM. Ocular presentation of primary central nervous system lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment. Br J Haematol. 2004;126:202–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Smith JR, Rosenbaum JT, Wilson DJ, Doolittle ND, Siegal T, Neuwelt EA, et al. Role of intravitreal methotrexate in the management of primary central nervous system lymphoma with ocular involvement. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1709–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wiegel T, Bottke D, Kreusel KM, Schmidt S, Bornfeld N, Foerster MH, et al. External beam radiotherapy of choroidal metastases--final results of a prospective study of the German Cancer Society (ARO 95-08). Radiother Oncol. 2002;64:13–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kaliki S, Shields CL, Al-Dahmash SA, Mashayekhi A, Shields JA. Photodynamic therapy for choroidal metastasis in 8 cases. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1218–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gratwohl A, Gloor B, Hahn H, Speck B. Retinal cotton-wool patches in bone-marrow-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:1101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hirst LW, Jabs DA, Tutschka PJ, Green WR, Santos GW. The eye in bone marrow transplantation. I. Clinical study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101:580–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bernauer W, Gratwohl A, Keller A, Daicker B. Microvasculopathy in the ocular fundus after bone marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:925–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Johnson DW, Cagnoni PJ, Schossau TM, Stemmer SM, Grayeb DE, Baron AE, et al. Optic disc and retinal microvasculopathy after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;24:785–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bylsma GW, Hall AJ, Szer J, West R. Atypical retinal microvasculopathy after bone marrow transplantation. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;29:225–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Westeneng AC, Hettinga Y, Lokhorst H, Verdonck L, van Dorp S, Rothova A. Ocular graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Cornea. 2010;29:758–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ivanir Y, Shimoni A, Ezra-Nimni O, Barequet IS. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cornea. 2013;32:e97–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Aissopou EK, Papathanassiou M, Nasothimiou EG, Konstantonis GD, Tentolouris N, Theodossiadis PG, et al. The Keith-Wagener-Barker and Mitchell-Wong grading systems for hypertensive retinopathy: association with target organ damage in individuals below 55 years. J Hypertens. 2015;33:2303–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kaushik M, Pulido JS, Schild SE, Stafford S. Risk of radiation retinopathy in patients with orbital and ocular lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84:1145–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cooper AE, Cho JH, Menges S, Masood S, Xie J, Yang J, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment can alter visual performance in the Royal College of surgeons rat. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2016;32:296–303.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Avery R, Jabs DA, Wingard JR, Vogelsang G, Saral R, Santos G. Optic disc edema after bone marrow transplantation. Possib- role cyclosporine Toxic Ophthalmol. 1991;98:1294–301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lopez PF, Sternberg P Jr., Dabbs CK, Vogler WR, Crocker I, Kalin NS. Bone marrow transplant retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112:635–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Pahl DA, Green NS, Bhatia M, Lee MT, Chang JS, Licursi M, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography and ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography for early detection of adolescent sickle retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;183:91–98.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Joltikov KA, de Castro VM, Davila JR, Anand R, Khan SM, Farbman N, et al. Multidimensional functional and structural evaluation reveals neuroretinal impairment in early diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:BIO277–BIO290.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Hillier RJ, Ojaimi E, Wong DT, Mak MYK, Berger AR, Kohly RP, et al. Aqueous humor cytokine levels and anatomic response to intravitreal Ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136:382–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Baker KS, Ness KK, Weisdorf D, Francisco L, Sun CL, Forman S, et al. Late effects in survivors of acute leukemia treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation: a report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study. Leukemia. 2010;24:2039–47.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Saboo US, Amparo F, Shikari H, Dana R. Prevalence of ocular hypertension and glaucoma in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254:923–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Takeda A, Shigematsu N, Suzuki S, Fujii M, Kawata T, Kawaguchi O, et al. Late retinal complications of radiation therapy for nasal and paranasal malignancies: relationship between irradiated-dose area and severity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:599–605.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tatematsu Y, Ogawa Y, Abe T, Kamoi M, Uchino M, Saijo-Ban Y, et al. Grading criteria for chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease: comparing the NIH eye score, Japanese dry eye score, and DEWS 2007 score. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6680.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Tripathi RC, Parapuram SK, Tripathi BJ, Zhong Y, Chalam KV. Corticosteroids and glaucoma risk. Drugs Aging. 1999;15:439–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kwok AK, Lam DS, Ng JS, Fan DS, Chew SJ, Tso MO. Ocular-hypertensive response to topical steroids in children. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:2112–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Katz G, Dubiner H, Samples J, Vold S, Sall K. Three-month randomized trial of fixed-combination brinzolamide, 1%, and brimonidine, 0.2%. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:724–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Krupin T, Liebmann JM, Greenfield DS, Ritch R, Gardiner S. Low-Pressure Glaucoma Study G. A randomized trial of brimonidine versus timolol in preserving visual function: results from the Low-Pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151:671–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Im L, Allingham RR, Singh I, Stinnett S, Fekrat S. A prospective study of early intraocular pressure changes after a single intravitreal triamcinolone injection. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:128–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rubin B, Taglienti A, Rothman RF, Marcus CH, Serle JB. The effect of selective laser trabeculoplasty on intraocular pressure in patients with intravitreal steroid-induced elevated intraocular pressure. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:287–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhou JQ, Xu L, Wang S, Wang YX, You QS, Tu Y, et al. The 10-year incidence and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion: the Beijing eye study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:803–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Yoo YS, Na KS, Shin JA, Park YH, Lee JW. Posterior eye segment complications related to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Retina. 2017;37:135–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Campa C, Alivernini G, Bolletta E, Parodi MB, Perri P. Anti-VEGF Therapy for Retinal Vein Occlusions. Curr Drug Targets. 2016;17:328–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Epstein DL, Algvere PV, von Wendt G, Seregard S, Kvanta A. Benefit from bevacizumab for macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion: twelve-month results of a prospective, randomized study. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:2587–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Heier JS, Campochiaro PA, Yau L, Li Z, Saroj N, Rubio RG, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: long-term follow-up in the HORIZON trial. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:802–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr., Blumenkranz MS, Gillies M, Heier J, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema related to branch or central retinal vein occlusion twelve-month study results. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2453–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Pikkel YY, Sharabi-Nov A, Beiran I, Pikkel J. Comparison of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, laser treatments and a combination of the both for treatment of central retinal vein occlusion. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9:431–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Eid AJ, Bakri SJ, Kijpittayarit S, Razonable RR. Clinical features and outcomes of cytomegalovirus retinitis after transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008;10:13–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Peng KL, Chen SJ, Lin PY, Hsu WM, Yang MH, Tzeng CH, et al. Exudative bullous retinal detachment after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Eye. 2005;19:603–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Wiznia RA, Rose A, Levy AL. Occlusive microvascular retinopathy with optic disc and retinal neovascularization in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Retina. 1994;14:253–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Alloin AL, Barlogis V, Auquier P, Contet A, Poiree M, Demeocq F, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of cataract after chemotherapy with or without central nervous system irradiation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: an LEA study. Br J Haematol. 2014;164:94–100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Abud TB, Amparo F, Saboo US, Di Zazzo A, Dohlman TH, Ciolino JB, et al. A clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus versus methylprednisolone in ocular graft-versus-host disease. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1449–57.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Dastjerdi MH, Hamrah P, Dana R. High-frequency topical cyclosporine 0.05% in the treatment of severe dry eye refractory to twice-daily regimen. Cornea. 2009;28:1091–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Dietrich-Ntoukas T, Cursiefen C, Westekemper H, Eberwein P, Reinhard T, Bertz, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease: report from the German-Austrian-Swiss Consensus Conference on Clinical Practice in chronic GVHD. Cornea. 2012;31:299–310.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Boucher HW, Groll AH, Chiou CC, Walsh TJ. Newer systemic antifungal agents: pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy. Drugs. 2004;64:1997–2020.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Slattery A, Liebelt E, Gaines LA. Common ocular effects reported to a poison control center after systemic absorption of drugs in therapeutic and toxic doses. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2014;25:519–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Santaella RM, Fraunfelder FW. Ocular adverse effects associated with systemic medications: recognition and management. Drugs. 2007;67:75–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Jaanus SD. Ocular side effects of selected systemic drugs. Optom Clin. 1992;2:73–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Richa S, Yazbek JC. Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:501–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Li J, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Drug-induced ocular disorders. Drug Saf. 2008;31:127–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Laties AM, Fraunfelder FT. Ocular safety of Viagra, (sildenafil citrate). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1999;97:115–25. discussion125-118

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Gaynes BI, Fiscella R. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for ophthalmic use: a safety review. Drug Saf. 2002;25:233–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Mynarek M, Ganzenmueller T, Mueller-Heine A, Mielke C, Gonnermann A, Beier R, et al. Patient, virus, and treatment-related risk factors in pediatric adenovirus infection after stem cell transplantation: results of a routine monitoring program. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20:250–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Lass JH, Lazarus HM, Reed MD, Herzig RH. Topical corticosteroid therapy for corneal toxicity from systemically administered cytarabine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94:617–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Fraunfelder FW, Solomon J, Druker BJ, Esmaeli B, Kuyl J. Ocular side-effects associated with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2003;19:371–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The CIBMTR is supported primarily by Public Health Service Grant/Cooperative Agreement 5U24CA076518 from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); a Grant/Cooperative Agreement 4U10HL069294 from NHLBI and NCI; a contract HHSH250201200016C with Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA/DHHS); two Grants N00014-17-1-2388 and N0014-17-1-2850 from the Office of Naval Research; and grants from *Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; *Amgen, Inc.; *Amneal Biosciences; *Angiocrine Bioscience, Inc.; Anonymous donation to the Medical College of Wisconsin; Astellas Pharma US; Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc.; Be the Match Foundation; *bluebird bio, Inc.; *Bristol Myers Squibb Oncology; *Celgene Corporation; Cerus Corporation; *Chimerix, Inc.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Gamida Cell Ltd.; Gilead Sciences, Inc.; HistoGenetics, Inc.; Immucor; *Incyte Corporation; Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC; *Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Juno Therapeutics; Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc.; Kite Pharma, Inc.; Medac, GmbH; MedImmune; The Medical College of Wisconsin; *Mediware; *Merck & Co, Inc.; *Mesoblast; MesoScale Diagnostics, Inc.; Millennium, the Takeda Oncology Co.; *Miltenyi Biotec, Inc.; National Marrow Donor Program; *Neovii Biotech NA, Inc.; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. – Japan; PCORI; *Pfizer, Inc; *Pharmacyclics, LLC; PIRCHE AG; *Sanofi Genzyme; *Seattle Genetics; Shire; Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; St. Baldrick’s Foundation; *Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Inc.; Takeda Oncology; Telomere Diagnostics, Inc.; and University of Minnesota. The views expressed in this article do not reflect the official policy or position of the National Institute of Health, the Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) or any other agency of the U.S. Government. *Corporate Members

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Yoshihiro Inamoto, Igor Petriček, Nuria Valdés-Sanz

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Yoshihiro Inamoto

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Igor Petriček

  3. CIBMTR(Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Linda Burns

  4. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Saurabh Chhabra & Neel Bhatt

  5. Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Zack DeFilipp

  6. Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA

    Peiman Hematti

  7. Universitatsspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Alicia Rovó

  8. Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA

    Raquel Schears & Hassan Alkhateeb

  9. Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Lucille Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Ami Shah

  10. Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Vaibhav Agrawal

  11. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Aisha Al-Khinji

  12. Department of Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA

    Ibrahim Ahmed

  13. St. Louis Medical Clinic, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Asim Ali

  14. Department of Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital Center & Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mahmoud Aljurf

  15. Division of Pediatrics Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA

    Amer Beitinjaneh & Dave Buchbinder

  16. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Michael Byrne

  17. University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA

    Natalie Callander

  18. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

    Kristina Fahnehjelm

  19. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Kristina Fahnehjelm

  20. Shands Healthcare & University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA

    Nosha Farhadfar & Erich Horn

  21. Hematology Research Centre, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

    Robert Peter Gale

  22. Division of Hematological Malignancy and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, KS, USA

    Siddhartha Ganguly

  23. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

    Gerhard C. Hildebrandt

  24. Division of Hematologic Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Ann Jakubowski

  25. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Rammurti T. Kamble

  26. Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Jason Law

  27. Utah Blood and Marrow Transplant Program Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utaah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Catherine Lee

  28. Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Sunita Nathan

  29. Dept. of Internal Medicine, Div. Haematology & Oncology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Rudolf Virchow, Berlin, Germany

    Olaf Penack

  30. Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Ravi Pingali

  31. Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Pinki Prasad

  32. Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Drazen Pulanic

  33. School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Drazen Pulanic

  34. Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia

    Drazen Pulanic

  35. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Seth Rotz

  36. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA

    Aditya Shreenivas & Amir Steinberg

  37. The School of Medicine, The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute of The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Khalid Tabbara

  38. University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    André Tichelli

  39. Division of Bone Marrow Transplant, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA

    Baldeep Wirk

  40. Blood & Marrow Transplantation Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Jean Yared

  41. Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Grzegorz W. Basak

  42. Hematology Branch, Sarah Cannon BMT Program, Nashville, TN, USA

    Minoo Battiwalla

  43. University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain

    Rafael Duarte

  44. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Bipin N. Savani

  45. Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA

    Mary E. D. Flowers

  46. CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Program), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Bronwen E. Shaw

  47. Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain

    Nuria Valdés-Sanz

Authors
  1. Yoshihiro Inamoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Igor Petriček
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Linda Burns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Saurabh Chhabra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zack DeFilipp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Peiman Hematti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Alicia Rovó
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Raquel Schears
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Ami Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Vaibhav Agrawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Aisha Al-Khinji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Ibrahim Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Asim Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Mahmoud Aljurf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Hassan Alkhateeb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Amer Beitinjaneh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Neel Bhatt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Dave Buchbinder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Michael Byrne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Natalie Callander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Kristina Fahnehjelm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Nosha Farhadfar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Robert Peter Gale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Siddhartha Ganguly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Gerhard C. Hildebrandt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Erich Horn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Ann Jakubowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Rammurti T. Kamble
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Jason Law
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Catherine Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Sunita Nathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Olaf Penack
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Ravi Pingali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Pinki Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. Drazen Pulanic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. Seth Rotz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Aditya Shreenivas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Amir Steinberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. Khalid Tabbara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. André Tichelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  41. Baldeep Wirk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  42. Jean Yared
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  43. Grzegorz W. Basak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  44. Minoo Battiwalla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  45. Rafael Duarte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  46. Bipin N. Savani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  47. Mary E. D. Flowers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  48. Bronwen E. Shaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  49. Nuria Valdés-Sanz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yoshihiro Inamoto.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Inamoto, Y., Petriček, I., Burns, L. et al. Non-GVHD ocular complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation: expert review from the Late Effects and Quality of Life Working Committee of the CIBMTR and Transplant Complications Working Party of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 54, 648–661 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-018-0339-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-018-0339-6

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links