Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Case Report
  • Published:

Restless leg syndrome in spinal cord injury: case report

Abstract

Case description

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a condition infrequently reported in spinal cord injury that causes an uncomfortable sensation in the legs and an urge to move them. We report a case involving a 63-year-old man with incomplete paraplegia with an onset of RLS four years post injury.

Findings

Based upon history, pramipexole was prescribed for the presumptive diagnosis of RLS, with good effect. Initial workup revealed an anemia (hemoglobin of 9.3 gram/deciliter (g/dl)) and iron deficiency (ferritin of 10 microgram/liter (μg/L)), necessitating further evaluation.

Conclusion

Due to the complexities in diagnosing RLS in patients with SCI, it is important to be cognizant of symptoms and to consider this diagnosis to initiate the appropriate work-up for an etiology, of which iron deficiency anemia is common.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Trenkwalder C, Paulus W. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:337–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Antelmi E, Rocchi L, Latorre A, Belvisi D, Magrinelli F, Bhatia K, et al. Restless Legs Syndrome: Known Knowns and Known Unknowns. Brain Sci. 2022;12:118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Garcia-Borreguero D, Ondo WG, Walters AS, Winkelman JW, et al. Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria- history, rationale, description, and significance. Sleep Med. 2014;15:860–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hartmann M, Pfister R, Pfadenhauer K. Restless legs syndrome associated with spinal cord lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:688–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Nilsson S, Levi R, Nordstrom A. Treatment-resistant sensory motor symptoms in persons with SCI may be signs of restless legs syndrome. Spinal Cord. 2011;49:754–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Telles SC, Alves RC, Chadi G. Periodic limb movements during sleep and restless legs syndrome in patients with ASIA A spinal cord injury. J Neurol Sci. 2011;303:119–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yokota T, Hirose K, Tanabe H, Tsukagoshi H. Sleep-related periodic leg movements (nocturnal myoclonus) due to spinal cord lesion. J Neurol Sci. 1991;104:13–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Salminen AV, Manconi M, Rimpila V, Luoto TM, Koskinen E, Ferri R, et al. Disconnection between periodic leg movements and cortical arousals in spinal cord injury. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9:1207–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. de Mello MT, Lauro FA, Silva AC, Tufik S. Incidence of periodic leg movements and of the restless legs syndrome during sleep following acute physical activity in spinal cord injury subjects. Spinal Cord. 1996;34:294–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kumru H, Albu S, Vidal J, Barrio M, Santamaria J. Dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome in spinal cord injury patients with neuropathic pain. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2016;2:16022.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kumru H, Vidal J, Benito J, Barrio M, Portell E, Valles M, et al. Restless leg syndrome in patients with spinal cord injury. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:1461–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Neurochemical features of idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;45:70–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Stefani A, Mitterling T, Heidbreder A, Steiger R, Kremser C, Frauscher B, et al. Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging reveals alterations of sensorimotor circuits in restless legs syndrome. Sleep. 2019;42:zsz171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rizzo G, Li X, Galantucci S, Filippi M, Cho Y. Brain imaging and networks in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2017;31:39–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bucher SF, Seelos KC, Oertel WH, Reiser M, Trenkwalder C. Cerebral generators involved in the pathogenesis of the restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:639–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Margariti PN, Astrakas LG, Tsouli SG, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Konitsiotis S, Argyropoulou MI, et al. Investigation of unmedicated early onset restless legs syndrome by voxel-based morphometry, T2 relaxometry, and functional MR imaging during the night-time hours. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33:667–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu C, Wang J, Hou Y, Qi Z, Wang L, Zhan S, et al. Mapping the changed hubs and corresponding functional connectivity in idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2018;45:132–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Connor JR, Wang XS, Allen RP, Beard JL, Wiesinger JA, Felt BT, et al. Altered dopaminergic profile in the putamen and substantia nigra in restless leg syndrome. Brain. 2009;132:2403–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Connor JR, Patton SM, Oexle K, Allen RP. Iron and restless legs syndrome: treatment, genetics and pathophysiology. Sleep Med. 2017;31:61–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Allen RP, Earley CJ, Jones BC, Unger EL. Iron-deficiency and dopaminergic treatment effects on RLS-Like behaviors of an animal model with the brain iron deficiency pattern of the restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2020;71:141–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, Malecki EA, Epstein DK, Allen RP. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 2000;54:1698–1700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Earley CJ, Connor J, Garcia-Borreguero D, Jenner P, Winkelman J, Zee PC, et al. Altered brain iron homeostasis and dopaminergic function in Restless Legs Syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease). Sleep Med. 2014;15:1288–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Godau J, Klose U, Di Santo A, Schweitzer K, Berg D. Multiregional brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1184–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Connor JR, Ponnuru P, Lee BY, Podskalny GD, Alam S, Allen RP, et al. Postmortem and imaging based analyses reveal CNS decreased myelination in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2011;12:614–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Dowling P, Klinker F, Amaya F, Paulus W, Liebetanz D. Iron-deficiency sensitizes mice to acute pain stimuli and formalin- induced nociception. J Nutr. 2009;139:2087–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kolla BP, Mansukhani MP, Bostwick JM. The influence of antidepressants on restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;38:131–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Patatanian E, Claborn MK. Drug-induced restless legs syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;52:662–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nishioka H, Kanzawa Y. Restless legs syndrome induced by fexofenadine/pseudoephedrine. J Gen Fam Med. 2020;21:256–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Bliwise DL, Zhang RH, Kutner NG. Medications associated with restless legs syndrome: a case-control study in the US Renal Data System (USRDS). Sleep Med. 2014;15:1241–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shane McNamara.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

McNamara, S., Hon, B. & Kirshblum, S. Restless leg syndrome in spinal cord injury: case report. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 9, 19 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41394-023-00576-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41394-023-00576-4

Search

Quick links