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Dietary inflammatory index and prostate cancer risk: MCC-Spain study

Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases volume 25, pages 568–575 (2022)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Background

The etiology of prostate cancer (PCa) is not well-known, and the role of diet is not well established. We aimed to evaluate the role of the inflammatory power of the diet, measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), on the risk of PCa.

Methodology

A population-based multicase-control (MCC-Spain) study was conducted. Information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, personal and family antecedents, and lifestyles, including diet from a Food Frequency Questionnaire. The inflammatory potential of the diet was assessed using the energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) based on 30 parameters (a higher score indicates a higher inflammatory capacity of the diet). Tertiles of E-DII were created using the cut-off points from the control group. The International Society of Urology Pathology (ISUP) was grouped as ISUP 1, ISUP 2, or ISUP 3–5. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between E-DII score and PCa risk.

Results

A total of 928 PCa cases and 1278 population controls were included. Among PCa cases, the mean value of the E-DII score was 0.18 (SD: 1.9) vs. 0.07 (SD: 1.9) in the control group (p = 0.162). Cases with a more pro-inflammatory diet (3rd tertile) had the highest risk of PCa, aORT3vsT1 = 1.30 (95% CI 1.03–1.65) (p-trend = 0.026). When stratifying by ISUP, this risk association was observed only for ISUP 2 and ISUP 3–5, aORT3vsT1 = 1.46 (95% CI 1.02–2.10) and 1.60 (95% CI 1.10–2.34), respectively.

Conclusion

A positive association was observed between consuming a pro-inflammatory diet and PCa in the MCC-Spain population, specifically for an ISUP grade greater or equal than 2.

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Data availability

The data that are used in this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate the collaboration of all those who participated in providing questionnaire data. We thank all MCC-Spain study group members and collaborators.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Granada, Spain

    Macarena Lozano-Lorca, Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido, Rocío Olmedo-Requena, Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez & José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón

  2. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain

    Macarena Lozano-Lorca, Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido, Rocío Olmedo-Requena, Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez & José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón

  3. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

    Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido, Rocío Olmedo-Requena, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Pilar Amiano, Beatriz Pérez-Gómez, Esther Gracia-Lavedan, Inés Gómez-Acebo, Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez, Juan Alguacil, Nuria Aragonés, Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos, Marina Pollán, Manolis Kogevinas & José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón

  4. Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain

    Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Esther Gracia-Lavedan, Dora Romaguera & Manolis Kogevinas

  5. Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

    Gemma Castaño-Vinyals & Esther Gracia-Lavedan

  6. IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain

    Gemma Castaño-Vinyals & Manolis Kogevinas

  7. Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain

    Pilar Amiano

  8. Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

    Nitin Shivappa & James R. Hébert

  9. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

    Nitin Shivappa & James R. Hébert

  10. Department of Epidemiology for Chronic Diseases, National Center of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

    Beatriz Pérez-Gómez & Marina Pollán

  11. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain

    Inés Gómez-Acebo & Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos

  12. Cancer and Public Health Area, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain

    Ana Molina-Barceló

  13. Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Salud y Medio Ambiente (RENSMA), Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain

    Juan Alguacil

  14. Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oncology Institute, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain

    Guillermo Fernández-Tardón

  15. Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain

    Guillermo Fernández-Tardón

  16. Epidemiology Section, Division of Public Health, Department of Health, Madrid, Spain

    Nuria Aragonés

  17. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Dora Romaguera

  18. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain

    Dora Romaguera

  19. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

    Manolis Kogevinas

  20. Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Granada, Spain

    Macarena Lozano-Lorca, Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido, Rocío Olmedo-Requena, Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez & José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón

  21. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain

    Macarena Lozano-Lorca, Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido, Rocío Olmedo-Requena, Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez & José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón

  22. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

    Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido, Rocío Olmedo-Requena, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Pilar Amiano, Beatriz Pérez-Gómez, Esther Gracia-Lavedan, Inés Gómez-Acebo, Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez, Juan Alguacil, Nuria Aragonés, Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos, Marina Pollán, Manolis Kogevinas & José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón

  23. Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain

    Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Esther Gracia-Lavedan, Dora Romaguera & Manolis Kogevinas

  24. Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

    Gemma Castaño-Vinyals & Esther Gracia-Lavedan

  25. IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain

    Gemma Castaño-Vinyals & Manolis Kogevinas

  26. Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain

    Pilar Amiano

  27. Department of Epidemiology for Chronic Diseases, National Center of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

    Beatriz Pérez-Gómez & Marina Pollán

  28. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain

    Inés Gómez-Acebo & Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos

  29. Cancer and Public Health Area, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain

    Ana Molina-Barceló

  30. Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Salud y Medio Ambiente (RENSMA), Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain

    Juan Alguacil

  31. Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oncology Institute, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain

    Guillermo Fernández-Tardón

  32. Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain

    Guillermo Fernández-Tardón

  33. Epidemiology Section, Division of Public Health, Department of Health, Madrid, Spain

    Nuria Aragonés

  34. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Dora Romaguera

  35. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain

    Dora Romaguera

  36. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

    Manolis Kogevinas

Authors
  1. Macarena Lozano-Lorca
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  2. Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido
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  3. Rocío Olmedo-Requena
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  4. Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
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  5. Pilar Amiano
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  6. Nitin Shivappa
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  7. James R. Hébert
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  8. Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
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  9. Esther Gracia-Lavedan
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  10. Inés Gómez-Acebo
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  11. Ana Molina-Barceló
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  12. Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez
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  13. Juan Alguacil
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  14. Guillermo Fernández-Tardón
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  15. Nuria Aragonés
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  16. Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos
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  17. Dora Romaguera
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  18. Marina Pollán
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  19. Manolis Kogevinas
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  20. José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón
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Consortia

MCC-Spain collaborate group

  • Macarena Lozano-Lorca
  • , Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido
  • , Rocío Olmedo-Requena
  • , Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
  • , Pilar Amiano
  • , Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
  • , Esther Gracia-Lavedan
  • , Inés Gómez-Acebo
  • , Ana Molina-Barceló
  • , Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez
  • , Juan Alguacil
  • , Guillermo Fernández-Tardón
  • , Nuria Aragonés
  • , Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos
  • , Dora Romaguera
  • , Marina Pollán
  • , Manolis Kogevinas
  •  & José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón

Contributions

GC-V, MP, MK and JJJ-M conceptualisation and design of the study; ML-L, IS-B, RO-R, GC-V, NS, JRH and JJJ-M formal analysis of data; GC-V, PA, BP-G, JA, GF-T, NA, MP, MK and JJJ-M funding acquisition; GC-V, NA, MP and MK project administration; ML-L, and JJJ-M first draft of this paper. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and revised the manuscript. This research was partially funded by the public grants from the Catalan Government (2014SGR756, 2017SGR1085, 2017SGR733, SLT006/17/76), and European Regional Development Fund-ERDF, by the “Acción Transversal del Cancer”, approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773-Cantabria, PS09/01286-León, PS09/01903-Valencia, PS09/02078-Huelva, PS09/ 01662-Granada, PI11/01403, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/0613, PI15/00069, PI15/00914, PI15/01032, PIE16/00049, PI17/01179, PI17-00092, PI17CIII/00034), by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the Red Temática de Investigación del Cáncer (RTICC) del ISCIII(RD12/0036/0036), by the Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2), by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0571-2009, PI-0306-2011, salud201200057018tra), by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP_061/10), by the Recercaixa (2010ACUP00310), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, by the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia, by the European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE, by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation – gran GCTRA18022MORE, by the Catalan Government-Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) grants 2014SGR647, 2014SGR850 and 2017SGR723. Sample collection of this work was supported by the Xarxa de Bancs de Tumors de Catalunya sponsored by Pla Director d’Oncología de Catalunya (XBTC)”, Plataforma Biobancos PT13/0010/0013” and ICOBIOBANC, sponsored by the Catalan Institute of Oncology. ISGlobal acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023” Program (CEX2018-000806-S), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido or José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

James R Hébert, own controlling interest in Connecting Health Innovations LLC, a company that has licensed the right to my invention of the DII®. Nitin Shivappa is an employee of Connecting Health Innovations LLC. The rest of authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All participants who were eligible to participate in the study and agreed to participate were fully informed about the study objectives and signed an informed consent form. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of all participating centers, in conformity to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

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Lozano-Lorca, M., Salcedo-Bellido, I., Olmedo-Requena, R. et al. Dietary inflammatory index and prostate cancer risk: MCC-Spain study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 25, 568–575 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-022-00532-7

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