Abstract
The Mucin 1 (MUC1) protein is overexpressed in various cancers and mediates chemotherapy resistance. However, the mechanism is not fully understood. Given that most chemotherapeutic drugs disrupt ER homeostasis as part of their toxicity, and MUC1 expression is regulated by proteins involved in ER homeostasis, we investigated the link between MUC1 and ER homeostasis. MUC1 knockdown in pancreatic cancer cells enhanced unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling and cell death upon ER stress induction. Transcriptomic analysis revealed alterations in the pyrimidine metabolic pathway and cytidine deaminase (CDA). ChIP and CDA activity assays showed that MUC1 occupied CDA gene promoter upon ER stress induction correlating with increased CDA expression and activity in MUC1-expressing cells as compared with MUC1 knockdown cells. Inhibition of either the CDA or pyrimidine metabolic pathway diminished survival in MUC1-expressing cancer cells upon ER stress induction. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that MUC1-mediated CDA activity corresponded to deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine metabolic reprogramming upon ER stress induction. The resulting increase in deoxyuridine mitigated ER stress-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, given (1) the established roles of MUC1 in protecting cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS) insults, (2) ER stress-generated ROS further promote ER stress and (3) the emerging anti-oxidant property of deoxyuridine, we further investigated if MUC1 regulated ER stress by a deoxyuridine-mediated modulation of ROS levels. We observed that deoxyuridine could abrogate ROS-induced ER stress to promote cancer cell survival. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel MUC1-CDA axis of the adaptive UPR that provides survival advantage upon ER stress induction.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 50 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $5.18 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL. Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003;4:517–29.
Fagone P, Jackowski S. Membrane phospholipid synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum function. J Lipid Res. 2009;50:S311–6.
Ikonen E. Cellular cholesterol trafficking and compartmentalization. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9:125–38.
Ron D, Hampton RY. Membrane biogenesis and the unfolded protein response. J Cell Biol. 2004;167:23–5.
Jun HS, Lee YM, Cheung YY, McDermott DH, Murphy PM, De Ravin SS, et al. Lack of glucose recycling between endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm underlies cellular dysfunction in glucose-6-phosphatase-beta-deficient neutrophils in a congenital neutropenia syndrome. Blood. 2010;116:2783–92.
Marini C, Ravera S, Buschiazzo A, Bianchi G, Orengo AM, Bruno S, et al. Discovery of a novel glucose metabolism in cancer: the role of endoplasmic reticulum beyond glycolysis and pentose phosphate shunt. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25092.
Bertolotti A, Zhang Y, Hendershot LM, Harding HP, Ron D. Dynamic interaction of BiP and ER stress transducers in the unfolded-protein response. Nat Cell Biol. 2000;2:326–32.
Li G, Mongillo M, Chin KT, Harding H, Ron D, Marks AR, et al. Role of ERO1-alpha-mediated stimulation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor activity in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 2009;186:783–92.
Ma Y, Brewer JW, Diehl JA, Hendershot LM. Two distinct stress signaling pathways converge upon the CHOP promoter during the mammalian unfolded protein response. J Mol Biol. 2002;318:1351–65.
McCullough KD, Martindale JL, Klotz LO, Aw TY, Holbrook NJ. Gadd153 sensitizes cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress by down-regulating Bcl2 and perturbing the cellular redox state. Mol Cell Biol. 2001;21:1249–59.
Song B, Scheuner D, Ron D, Pennathur S, Kaufman RJ. Chop deletion reduces oxidative stress, improves beta cell function, and promotes cell survival in multiple mouse models of diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:3378–89.
Thorp E, Li G, Seimon TA, Kuriakose G, Ron D, Tabas I. Reduced apoptosis and plaque necrosis in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- mice lacking CHOP. Cell Metab. 2009;9:474–81.
Zinszner H, Kuroda M, Wang X, Batchvarova N, Lightfoot RT, Remotti H, et al. CHOP is implicated in programmed cell death in response to impaired function of the endoplasmic reticulum. Genes Dev. 1998;12:982–95.
Lee AH, Iwakoshi NN, Glimcher LH. XBP-1 regulates a subset of endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone genes in the unfolded protein response. Mol Cell Biol. 2003;23:7448–59.
Calfon M, Zeng H, Urano F, Till JH, Hubbard SR, Harding HP, et al. IRE1 couples endoplasmic reticulum load to secretory capacity by processing the XBP-1 mRNA. Nature. 2002;415:92–6.
Urano F, Wang X, Bertolotti A, Zhang Y, Chung P, Harding HP, et al. Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IRE1. Science. 2000;287:664–6.
Zeng T, Peng L, Chao H, Xi H, Fu B, Wang Y, et al. IRE1alpha-TRAF2-ASK1 complex-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to CXC195-induced apoptosis in human bladder carcinoma T24 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;460:530–6.
Nishitoh H, Matsuzawa A, Tobiume K, Saegusa K, Takeda K, Inoue K, et al. ASK1 is essential for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal cell death triggered by expanded polyglutamine repeats. Genes Dev. 2002;16:1345–55.
Ye J, Rawson RB, Komuro R, Chen X, Dave UP, Prywes R, et al. ER stress induces cleavage of membrane-bound ATF6 by the same proteases that process SREBPs. Mol Cell. 2000;6:1355–64.
Song M, Sandoval TA, Chae CS, Chopra S, Tan C, Rutkowski MR, et al. IRE1alpha-XBP1 controls T cell function in ovarian cancer by regulating mitochondrial activity. Nature. 2018;562:423–8.
Wang M, Kaufman RJ. The impact of the endoplasmic reticulum protein-folding environment on cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14:581–97.
Hayakawa Y, Hirata Y, Nakagawa H, Sakamoto K, Hikiba Y, Kinoshita H, et al. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 and cyclin D1 compose a positive feedback loop contributing to tumor growth in gastric cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:780–5.
Hui L, Zatloukal K, Scheuch H, Stepniak E, Wagner EF. Proliferation of human HCC cells and chemically induced mouse liver cancers requires JNK1-dependent p21 downregulation. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:3943–53.
Chang Q, Chen J, Beezhold KJ, Castranova V, Shi X, Chen F. JNK1 activation predicts the prognostic outcome of the human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer. 2009;8:64.
Lau SK, Weiss LM, Chu PG. Differential expression of MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5AC in carcinomas of various sites: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;122:61–9.
Nath S, Daneshvar K, Roy LD, Grover P, Kidiyoor A, Mosley L, et al. MUC1 induces drug resistance in pancreatic cancer cells via upregulation of multidrug resistance genes. Oncogenesis. 2013;2:e51.
Jing X, Liang H, Hao C, Yang X, Cui X. Overexpression of MUC1 predicts poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2019;41:801–10.
Wang M, Law ME, Castellano RK, Law BK. The unfolded protein response as a target for anticancer therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018;127:66–79.
Hiraki M, Suzuki Y, Alam M, Hinohara K, Hasegawa M, Jin C, et al. MUC1-C stabilizes MCL-1 in the oxidative stress response of triple-negative breast cancer cells to BCL-2 inhibitors. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26643.
Yin L, Li Y, Ren J, Kuwahara H, Kufe D. Human MUC1 carcinoma antigen regulates intracellular oxidant levels and the apoptotic response to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:35458–64.
Farooqi AA, Li KT, Fayyaz S, Chang YT, Ismail M, Liaw CC, et al. Anticancer drugs for the modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. Tumour Biol. 2015;36:5743–52.
Eletto D, Chevet E, Argon Y, Appenzeller-Herzog C. Redox controls UPR to control redox. J Cell Sci. 2014;127(Pt 17):3649–58.
Blackburn RV, Spitz DR, Liu X, Galoforo SS, Sim JE, Ridnour LA, et al. Metabolic oxidative stress activates signal transduction and gene expression during glucose deprivation in human tumor cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26:419–30.
Lee YJ, Galoforo SS, Berns CM, Chen JC, Davis BH, Sim JE, et al. Glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity and alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation are mediated by oxidative stress in multidrug-resistant human breast carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:5294–9.
Spitz DR, Sim JE, Ridnour LA, Galoforo SS, Lee YJ. Glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress in human tumor cells. A fundamental defect in metabolism? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;899:349–62.
Shukla SK, Purohit V, Mehla K, Gunda V, Chaika NV, Vernucci E, et al. MUC1 and HIF-1alpha signaling crosstalk induces anabolic glucose metabolism to impart gemcitabine resistance to pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell. 2017;32:71–87. e7.
Chaika NV, Gebregiworgis T, Lewallen ME, Purohit V, Radhakrishnan P, Liu X, et al. MUC1 mucin stabilizes and activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha to regulate metabolism in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:13787–92.
Ruckemann K, Fairbanks LD, Carrey EA, Hawrylowicz CM, Richards DF, Kirschbaum B, et al. Leflunomide inhibits pyrimidine de novo synthesis in mitogen-stimulated T-lymphocytes from healthy humans. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:21682–91.
Ren Z, Chen S, Qing T, Xuan J, Couch L, Yu D, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and MAPK signaling pathway activation underlie leflunomide-induced toxicity in HepG2 Cells. Toxicology. 2017;392:11–21.
Kriss CL, Pinilla-Ibarz JA, Mailloux AW, Powers JJ, Tang CH, Kang CW, et al. Overexpression of TCL1 activates the endoplasmic reticulum stress response: a novel mechanism of leukemic progression in mice. Blood. 2012;120:1027–38.
Chung SJ, Fromme JC, Verdine GL. Structure of human cytidine deaminase bound to a potent inhibitor. J Med Chem. 2005;48:658–60.
Vu LT, Tsukahara T. C-to-U editing and site-directed RNA editing for the correction of genetic mutations. Biosci Trends. 2017;11:243–53.
Norris AM, Gore A, Balboni A, Young A, Longnecker DS, Korc M. AGR2 is a SMAD4-suppressible gene that modulates MUC1 levels and promotes the initiation and progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Oncogene. 2013;32:3867–76.
Dumartin L, Alrawashdeh W, Trabulo SM, Radon TP, Steiger K, Feakins RM, et al. ER stress protein AGR2 precedes and is involved in the regulation of pancreatic cancer initiation. Oncogene. 2017;36:3094–103.
Chevet E, Fessart D, Delom F, Mulot A, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R, et al. Emerging roles for the pro-oncogenic anterior gradient-2 in cancer development. Oncogene. 2013;32:2499–509.
Zweitzig DR, Smirnov DA, Connelly MC, Terstappen LW, O’Hara SM, Moran E. Physiological stress induces the metastasis marker AGR2 in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007;306:255–60.
Oslowski CM, Urano F. Measuring ER stress and the unfolded protein response using mammalian tissue culture system. Methods Enzymol. 2011;490:71–92.
Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Tian B. Gemcitabine treatment induces endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress and subsequently upregulates urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) to block mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in Panc-1 cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0184110.
Wei X, Xu H, Kufe D. Human MUC1 oncoprotein regulates p53-responsive gene transcription in the genotoxic stress response. Cancer Cell. 2005;7:167–78.
Menendez D, Nguyen TA, Snipe J, Resnick MA. The cytidine deaminase APOBEC3 family is subject to transcriptional regulation by p53. Mol Cancer Res. 2017;15:735–43.
Behrens ME, Grandgenett PM, Bailey JM, Singh PK, Yi CH, Yu F, et al. The reactive tumor microenvironment: MUC1 signaling directly reprograms transcription of CTGF. Oncogene. 2010;29:5667–77.
Agata N, Ahmad R, Kawano T, Raina D, Kharbanda S, Kufe D. MUC1 oncoprotein blocks death receptor-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting recruitment of caspase-8. Cancer Res. 2008;68:6136–44.
Cohen RM, Wolfenden R. Cytidine deaminase from Escherichia coli. Purification, properties and inhibition by the potential transition state analog 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine. J Biol Chem. 1971;246:7561–5.
Stoller RG, Myers CE, Chabner BA. Analysis of cytidine deaminase and tetrahydrouridine interaction by use of ligand techniques. Biochem Pharmacol. 1978;27:53–9.
Weizman N, Krelin Y, Shabtay-Orbach A, Amit M, Binenbaum Y, Wong RJ, et al. Macrophages mediate gemcitabine resistance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by upregulating cytidine deaminase. Oncogene. 2014;33:3812–9.
Alejandro EU, Bozadjieva N, Kumusoglu D, Abdulhamid S, Levine H, Haataja L, et al. Disruption of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine signaling induces ER stress and beta cell failure. Cell Rep. 2015;13:2527–38.
Denzel MS, Storm NJ, Gutschmidt A, Baddi R, Hinze Y, Jarosch E, et al. Hexosamine pathway metabolites enhance protein quality control and prolong life. Cell. 2014;156:1167–78.
Ferrer CM, Reginato MJ. Sweet connections: O-GlcNAcylation links cancer cell metabolism and survival. Mol Cell Oncol. 2015;2:e961809.
Dickinson DA, Forman HJ. Glutathione in defense and signaling: lessons from a small thiol. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;973:488–504.
Kannan N, Nguyen LV, Makarem M, Dong Y, Shih K, Eirew P, et al. Glutathione-dependent and -independent oxidative stress-control mechanisms distinguish normal human mammary epithelial cell subsets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:7789–94.
Zeeshan HM, Lee GH, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and associated ROS. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:327.
Lebrecht D, Vargas-Infante YA, Setzer B, Kirschner J, Walker UA. Uridine supplementation antagonizes zalcitabine-induced microvesicular steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology. 2007;45:72–9.
Lebrecht D, Deveaud C, Beauvoit B, Bonnet J, Kirschner J, Walker UA. Uridine supplementation antagonizes zidovudine-induced mitochondrial myopathy and hyperlactatemia in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:318–26.
Castellvi A, Crespo I, Crosas E, Camara-Artigas A, Gavira JA, Aranda MAG, et al. Efficacy of aldose reductase inhibitors is affected by oxidative stress induced under X-ray irradiation. Sci Rep. 2019;9:3177.
Ma Q. Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity. Annu Rev Pharm Toxicol. 2013;53:401–26.
Raina D, Kharbanda S, Kufe D. The MUC1 oncoprotein activates the anti-apoptotic phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and Bcl-xL pathways in rat 3Y1 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:20607–12.
Gunda V, Souchek J, Abrego J, Shukla SK, Goode GD, Vernucci E, et al. MUC1-mediated metabolic alterations regulate response to radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:5881–91.
Serdjebi C, Milano G, Ciccolini J. Role of cytidine deaminase in toxicity and efficacy of nucleosidic analogs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11:665–72.
Ye FG, Song CG, Cao ZG, Xia C, Chen DN, Chen L, et al. Cytidine deaminase axis modulated by miR-484 differentially regulates cell proliferation and chemoresistance in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2015;75:1504–15.
Chabosseau P, Buhagiar-Labarchede G, Onclercq-Delic R, Lambert S, Debatisse M, Brison O, et al. Pyrimidine pool imbalance induced by BLM helicase deficiency contributes to genetic instability in Bloom syndrome. Nat Commun. 2011;2:368.
Gemble S, Buhagiar-Labarchede G, Onclercq-Delic R, Biard D, Lambert S, Amor-Gueret M. A balanced pyrimidine pool is required for optimal Chk1 activation to prevent ultrafine anaphase bridge formation. J Cell Sci. 2016;129:3167–77.
Sharma S, Wang J, Alqassim E, Portwood S, Cortes Gomez E, Maguire O, et al. Mitochondrial hypoxic stress induces widespread RNA editing by APOBEC3G in natural killer cells. Genome Biol. 2019;20:37.
Srinivas US, Tan BWQ, Vellayappan BA, Jeyasekharan AD. ROS and the DNA damage response in cancer. Redox Biol. 2019;25:101084.
Rodriguez-Vargas JM, Ruiz-Magana MJ, Ruiz-Ruiz C, Majuelos-Melguizo J, Peralta-Leal A, Rodriguez MI, et al. ROS-induced DNA damage and PARP-1 are required for optimal induction of starvation-induced autophagy. Cell Res. 2012;22:1181–98.
Yamamori T, Meike S, Nagane M, Yasui H, Inanami O. ER stress suppresses DNA double-strand break repair and sensitizes tumor cells to ionizing radiation by stimulating proteasomal degradation of Rad51. FEBS Lett. 2013;587:3348–53.
Rajabi H, Hiraki M, Tagde A, Alam M, Bouillez A, Christensen CL, et al. MUC1-C activates EZH2 expression and function in human cancer cells. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7481.
Rajabi H, Tagde A, Alam M, Bouillez A, Pitroda S, Suzuki Y, et al. DNA methylation by DNMT1 and DNMT3b methyltransferases is driven by the MUC1-C oncoprotein in human carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 2016;35:6439–45.
Tagde A, Rajabi H, Stroopinsky D, Gali R, Alam M, Bouillez A, et al. MUC1-C induces DNA methyltransferase 1 and represses tumor suppressor genes in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget. 2016;7:38974–87.
Yamamoto M, Jin C, Hata T, Yasumizu Y, Zhang Y, Hong D, et al. MUC1-C integrates chromatin remodeling and PARP1 activity in the DNA damage response of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2019;79:2031–41.
Guang W, Kim KC, Lillehoj EP. MUC1 mucin interacts with calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand. Int J Biochem cell Biol. 2009;41:1354–60.
Rahn JJ, Shen Q, Mah BK, Hugh JC. MUC1 initiates a calcium signal after ligation by intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:29386–90.
Juin P, Pelletier M, Oliver L, Tremblais K, Gregoire M, Meflah K, et al. Induction of a caspase-3-like activity by calcium in normal cytosolic extracts triggers nuclear apoptosis in a cell-free system. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:17559–64.
Sharma AK, Rohrer B. Calcium-induced calpain mediates apoptosis via caspase-3 in a mouse photoreceptor cell line. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:35564–72.
Feno S, Butera G, Vecellio Reane D, Rizzuto R, Raffaello A. Crosstalk between calcium and ROS in pathophysiological conditions. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:9324018.
Hauser J, Sveshnikova N, Wallenius A, Baradaran S, Saarikettu J, Grundstrom T. B-cell receptor activation inhibits AID expression through calmodulin inhibition of E-proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:1267–72.
Tadros S, Shukla SK, King RJ, Gunda V, Vernucci E, Abrego J, et al. De novo lipid synthesis facilitates gemcitabine resistance through endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 2017;77:5503–17.
Gebregiworgis T, Purohit V, Shukla SK, Tadros S, Chaika NV, Abrego J, et al. Glucose limitation alters glutamine metabolism in MUC1-overexpressing pancreatic cancer cells. J Proteome Res. 2017;16:3536–46.
Goode G, Gunda V, Chaika NV, Purohit V, Yu F, Singh PK. MUC1 facilitates metabolomic reprogramming in triple-negative breast cancer. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0176820.
Mehla K, Singh PK. MUC1: a novel metabolic master regulator. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1845:126–35.
Singh PK, Behrens ME, Eggers JP, Cerny RL, Bailey JM, Shanmugam K, et al. Phosphorylation of MUC1 by Met modulates interaction with p53 and MMP1 expression. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:26985–95.
Singh PK, Hollingsworth MA. Cell surface-associated mucins in signal transduction. Trends Cell Biol. 2006;16:467–76.
Singh PK, Wen Y, Swanson BJ, Shanmugam K, Kazlauskas A, Cerny RL, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-mediated phosphorylation of MUC1 enhances invasiveness in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2007;67:5201–10.
Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:15545–50.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by funding from the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA216853, CA163649, CA210439, NCI) to PKS, the Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE, 2P50 CA127297, NCI) to PKS, P01 CA2117798 (NCI) to PKS, and a supplement to NIH grant (R01CA216853-01) to AAO. We would also like to acknowledge the Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center Support Grant (P30CA036727, NCI) for supporting shared resources.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Project conceptualization: AAO and PKS. Experiments and data curation: AAO. Data Analysis: AAO, RJK, FY and PKS. Manuscript writing: AAO. Editing: AAO, RJK, and PKS.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Olou, A.A., King, R.J., Yu, F. et al. MUC1 oncoprotein mitigates ER stress via CDA-mediated reprogramming of pyrimidine metabolism. Oncogene 39, 3381–3395 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-020-1225-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-020-1225-4
This article is cited by
-
Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived acetate promotes pancreatic cancer development by altering polyamine metabolism via the ACSS2–SP1–SAT1 axis
Nature Cell Biology (2024)
-
Nucleotide metabolism: a pan-cancer metabolic dependency
Nature Reviews Cancer (2023)
-
Activation of Vitamin D/VDR Signaling Reverses Gemcitabine Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells Through Inhibition of MUC1 Expression
Digestive Diseases and Sciences (2023)
-
Targeting nucleotide metabolism: a promising approach to enhance cancer immunotherapy
Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2022)
-
DNA methylome and single-cell transcriptome analyses reveal CDA as a potential druggable target for ALK inhibitor–resistant lung cancer therapy
Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2022)