Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

A 10-year Isfahan cohort on cardiovascular disease as a master plan for a multi-generation non-communicable disease longitudinal study: methodology and challenges

Journal of Human Hypertension volume 33, pages 807–816 (2019)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

A 10-year longitudinal population-based study entitled Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS) was conducted in 2001–2011 with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as the primary outcome. We considered ICS as a master plan for a multi-level non-communicable disease (NCD) study named Isfahan Cohort Study 2 (ICS2). ICS2 is a multi-generation 10-year cohort study with new goals and outcomes that have been started in 2013, recruiting a sub-sample of ICS (n = 1487) and a new recruited sample (n = 1355) aged 35 years and over, all living in urban and rural areas of two counties in central Iran. In addition, 2500 of participant’s adult children were selected randomly, as well as 1000 of their grandchildren. The aim of ICS2 is to detect the incidence of some NCDs including CVD, cancers, and diabetes and to identify the impact of their behavioral, metabolic, environmental, and genetic risk factors. In addition, studying lifestyle behaviors in three generations in a hierarchical manner of parents, their children and grandchildren in ICS2 will improve our knowledge on other determinants such as epigenetics of NCDs.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Peykari N, Hashemi H, Dinarvand R, Haji-Aghajani M, Malekzadeh R, Sadrolsadat A, et al. National action plan for non-communicable diseases prevention and control in Iran; a response to emerging epidemic. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017;16:3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. WHO | Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020. WHO 2015. http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan/en/.Accessed 19 Feb 2018.

  3. WHO | Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. WHO 2015.

  4. Turk-Adawi K, Sarrafzadegan N, Fadhil I, Taubert K, Sadeghi M, Wenger NK, et al. Cardiovascular disease in the Eastern Mediterranean region: epidemiology and risk factor burden. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15:106–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, Naghavi M, Higashi H, Mullany EC. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the global burden of disease study 2013. Inj Prev. 2016; 22. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Non-communicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2014. http://who.int/nmh/countries/irn_en.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 3 Sept 2016.

  7. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet. 2016; 387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X.

  8. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet. 2016; 387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Global burden of Diseases. Washington, Institute of Health Metric and Evaluation; 2014, http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/. Accessed 3 Sept 2016.

  10. Harati H, Hadaegh F, Saadat N, Azizi F. Population-based incidence of Type 2 diabetes and its associated risk factors: results from a six-year cohort study in Iran. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Pourshams A, Khademi H, Malekshah AF, Islami F, Nouraei M, Sadjadi AR, et al. Cohort Profile: the Golestan Cohort Study—a prospective study of oesophageal cancer in northern Iran. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:52–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Sarrafzadegan N, Talaei M, Sadeghi M, Kelishadi R, Oveisgharan S, Mohammadifard N, et al. The Isfahan cohort study: rationale, methods and main findings. J Hum Hypertens. 2011;25:545–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mohammadifard N, Sajjadi F, Maghroun M, Alikhasi H, Nilforoushzadeh F, Sarrafzadegan N. Validation of a simplified food frequency questionnaire for the assessment of dietary habits in Iranian adults: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, Iran. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015;11:139.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Vasheghani-Farahani A, Tahmasbi M, Asheri H, Ashraf H, Nedjat S, Kordi R. The Persian, last 7-day, long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire: translation and validation study. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2:106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Moghaddam MHB, Aghdam FB, Jafarabadi MA, Allahverdipour H, Nikookheslat SD, Safarpour S. The Iranian Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl Sci. 2012;18:1073–80.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Klishadi R, Khosravi A, Famouri F, Sadeghi M, Shirani S. Assessment of physical activity of adolescents in Isfahan. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2001;3:27–33.

  17. Montazeri A, Harirchi AM, Shariati M, Garmaroudi G, Ebadi M, Fateh A. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sali R, Roohafza H, Sadeghi M, Andalib E, Shavandi H, Sarrafzadegan N. Validation of the revised stressful life event questionnaire using a hybrid model of genetic algorithm and artificial neural networks. Comput Math Methods Med. 2013;2013:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Group W. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med. 1998;28:551–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. National Institutes of Health. The Practical guide: identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. NIH Publication Number 00-4084. 2000.

  21. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JLJ, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Talaei M, Sarrafzadegan N, Sadeghi M, Oveisgharan S, Marshall T, Thomas G, et al. Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in an Iranian population: the Isfahan Cohort Study. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16:138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Talaei M, Sadeghi M, Mohammadifard N, Shokouh P, Oveisgharan S, Sarrafzadegan N. Incident hypertension and its predictors: the Isfahan Cohort Study. J Hypertens. 2014;32:30–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Talaei M, Sadeghi M, Marshall T, Thomas GN, Kabiri P, Hoseini S, et al. Impact of metabolic syndrome on ischemic heart disease–A prospective cohort study in an Iranian adult population: Isfahan cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22:434–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Roohafza H, Sadeghi M, Talaei M, Pourmoghaddas Z, Sarrafzadegan N. Psychological status and quality of life in relation to the metabolic syndrome: Isfahan Cohort Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mohammadifard N, Talaei M, Sadeghi M, Oveisegharan S, Golshahi J, Esmaillzadeh A, et al. Dietary patterns and mortality from cardiovascular disease: Isfahan Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;2016:1–7.

  27. Sarrafzadegan N, Hassannejad R, Marateb HR, Talaei M, Sadeghi M, Roohafza HR, et al. PARS risk charts: A 10-year study of risk assessment for cardiovascular diseases in Eastern Mediterranean Region. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0189389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Rubin DB. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys.New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

  29. Hunt JR, White E. Retaining and tracking cohort study members. Epidemiol Rev. 1998;20:57–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Paus T, Pausova Z, Abrahamowicz M, Gaudet D, Leonard G, Pike GB, et al. Saguenay Youth Study: a multi-generational approach to studying virtual trajectories of the brain and cardio-metabolic health. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2015;11:129–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Miranda JJ, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Smeeth L, Gilman RH, Checkley W. Addressing geographical variation in the progression of non-communicable diseases in Peru: the CRONICAS cohort study protocol. BMJ Open. 2012; 2. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000610.abstract.

  32. Holmes MD, Dalal S, Volmink J, Adebamowo CA, Njelekela M, Fawzi WW, et al. Non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the case for cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Gandomkar A, Poustchi H, Moini M, Moghadami M, Imanieh H, Fattahi MR, et al. Pars cohort study of non-communicable diseases in Iran: protocol and preliminary results. Int J Public Health. 2017;62:397–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Boyd A, Golding J, Macleod J, Lawlor DA, Fraser A, Henderson J, et al. Cohort Profile: the ‘children of the 90s’--the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:111–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Taanila A, Ebeling H, Kotimaa A, Moilanen I, Jarvelin MR. Is a large family a protective factor against behavioural and emotional problems at the age of 8 years? Acta Paediatr. 2004;93:508–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jaddoe VWV, van Duijn CM, van der Heijden AJ, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, Steegers EAP, et al. The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2010. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25:823–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was approved by the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center (ICRC), a WHO Collaborating center that is affiliated with the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Iran. We are thankful to the ICS team of the ICRC and the Najaf-Abad Health Office for their extensive collaborations.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Nizal Sarrafzadegan & Mohammad Talaei

  2. School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Nizal Sarrafzadegan

  3. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Razieh Hassannejad & Marjan Mansourian

  4. Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Hamidreza Roohafza & Masoumeh Sadeghi

  5. Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

    Mohammad Talaei

  6. Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Shahram Oveisgharan

  7. Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Shahram Oveisgharan

Authors
  1. Nizal Sarrafzadegan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Razieh Hassannejad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hamidreza Roohafza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Masoumeh Sadeghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mohammad Talaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shahram Oveisgharan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Marjan Mansourian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marjan Mansourian.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sarrafzadegan, N., Hassannejad, R., Roohafza, H. et al. A 10-year Isfahan cohort on cardiovascular disease as a master plan for a multi-generation non-communicable disease longitudinal study: methodology and challenges. J Hum Hypertens 33, 807–816 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0126-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0126-2

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links