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Matrix density-induced mechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype, signaling and gene expression through a FAK–ERK linkage

Oncogene volume 28, pages 4326–4343 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Mammographically dense breast tissue is one of the greatest risk factors for developing breast carcinoma, yet the associated molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Importantly, regions of high breast density are associated with increased stromal collagen and epithelial cell content. We set out to determine whether increased collagen-matrix density, in the absence of stromal cells, was sufficient to promote proliferation and invasion characteristic of a malignant phenotype in non-transformed mammary epithelial cells. We demonstrate that increased collagen-matrix density increases matrix stiffness to promote an invasive phenotype. High matrix stiffness resulted in increased formation of activated three-dimensional (3D)-matrix adhesions and a chronically elevated outside-in/inside-out focal adhesion (FA) kinase (FAK)–Rho signaling loop, which was necessary to generate and maintain the invasive phenotype. Moreover, this signaling network resulted in hyperactivation of the Ras–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which promoted growth of mammary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo and activated a clinically relevant proliferation signature that predicts patient outcome. Hence, the current data provide compelling evidence for the importance of the mechanical features of the microenvironment, and suggest that mechanotransduction in these cells occurs through a FAK–Rho–ERK signaling network with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as a bottleneck through which much of the response to mechanical stimuli is regulated. As such, we propose that increased matrix stiffness explains part of the mechanism behind increased epithelial proliferation and cancer risk in human patients with high breast tissue density.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Drs Caroline Alexander and Andreas Friedl for helpful discussions regarding mice and xenograft experiments; Drs Ray Vanderby, Ashish Oza and Wilmot Valhmu for helpful discussions and equipment access for mechanical testing, and Dr John G White for helpful discussions regarding microscopy. This work was supported by an NIH postdoctoral training grant (T32CA009681) to PPP, and grants from the DOD (W81XWH-04-1-042 (PPP)), Am. Cancer Soc. (RSG-00-339CSM (PJK)) and NIH (CA076537 (PJK) and EB000184 (KWE)).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    P P Provenzano, D R Inman & P J Keely

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    P P Provenzano, K W Eliceiri & P J Keely

  3. Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    P P Provenzano, K W Eliceiri & P J Keely

  4. University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    P P Provenzano, D R Inman & P J Keely

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  1. P P Provenzano
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Correspondence to P P Provenzano or P J Keely.

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Provenzano, P., Inman, D., Eliceiri, K. et al. Matrix density-induced mechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype, signaling and gene expression through a FAK–ERK linkage. Oncogene 28, 4326–4343 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2009.299

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