The synthetic, investigational, peptide-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agent peginesatide can increase hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease who are not on dialysis, say researchers. Macdougall et al. treated 139 patients with peginesatide in 10 different cohorts (differing in dose, frequency and route of administration). Administering peginesatide every 4 weeks increased and maintained hemoglobin levels.