The field of cancer neo-antigens seems to have emerged into the scientific consciousness most prominently in 2017 with the publication of two important papers elegantly showing how information from next-generation sequencing of cancer exomes could be used to design vaccines targeting antigens on cancer cells (Ott et al., 2017 and Sahin et al., 2017). However, the concepts underlying these groundbreaking studies have deep roots in efforts to identify and vaccinate against cancer antigens.
Approaches to generate immune responses to cancer antigens have not solely focused on random carcinogen-induced changes in DNA sequence. In 1996, my once-and-always mentor, Alan Houghton, and graduate student Clarissa Naftzger, published a paper showing how immune tolerance to self antigens on cancer cells could be overcome by using xenogeneic orthologues or altered-self antigens. Using the syngeneic B16 mouse melanoma model, Naftzger et al. showed that tumour immunity and autoimmunity (as indicated by coat depigmentation) could be induced by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with either the xenogeneic (human) orthologue of the melanosomal differentiation antigen gp75 (also known as TRP1) or native mouse gp75 produced in insect cells.
protective immunity ... could be mediated by targeting a self molecule
These studies revealed several important concepts. First, protective immunity to an otherwise poorly immunogenic cancer could be mediated by targeting a self molecule. Second, tolerance to a self molecule could be overcome by using a xenogeneic orthologue, which presumably contains neo-epitopes. Third, tolerance could also be overcome by using antigen with a wild-type DNA sequence but produced in a non-mammalian cell, hypothetically because of differences in glycosylation or processing.
Another important message from the Houghton group was that humoral immunity can have an important role in therapeutic tumour immunity, as passive administration of antibodies specific for gp75 was shown to result in tumour protection and coat depigmentation (Hara et al., 1995). This point is important to recall in the current era of “T cell chauvinism”, as has been described by Stephen S. Hall (in A Commotion in the Blood: Life, Death and the Immune System).
References
Naftzger, C. et al. Immune response to a differentiation antigen induced by altered antigen: a study of tumor rejection and autoimmunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14809–14814 (1996)
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I and my institution are named on a patent for the use of xenogeneic DNA immunization as a treatment for cancer. We receive royalties for veterinary use of such vaccines in dogs with melanoma.
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Wolchok, J. Altered self: the not-so-neo-antigens. Nat Rev Immunol 18, 152 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2018.7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2018.7