This study investigated changes in gene expression in individuals with trauma, burns and endotoxaemia, and compared them with gene expression changes in mouse models of these conditions. Although gene expression patterns were similar in humans with trauma, burns and endotoxaemia (supporting the view that these injuries invoke a common reaction), there was a low correlation between the changes in gene expression in humans and in mouse models of either of the three conditions. This suggests that the mouse models used in this study are poor indicators of human inflammatory conditions.