Intercalation of ions in vanadium oxide is a well-known process that causes this material to swell. Researchers have now used this mechanical deformation effect to build a vanadium oxide artificial muscle that is stronger than human skeletal muscle.
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Livage, J. Towards smart artificial muscle. Nature Mater 2, 297–299 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat886
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat886
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