Photosynthetic organisms use light to create chemical gradients across bilayer membranes that drive energetically unfavourable reactions. Synthetic systems that accomplish the same feat may find uses in a variety of biological and non-biological applications.
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Thompson, D. Light-activated calcium gradients. Nature Mater 1, 214–215 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat784
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat784
