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Origin of acidic surface waters and the evolution of atmospheric chemistry on early Mars

Nature Geoscience volume 3, pages 323–326 (2010)Cite this article

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Abstract

Observations from in situ experiments and planetary orbiters have shown that the sedimentary rocks found at Meridiani Planum, Mars were formed in the presence of acidic surface waters1,2,3,4. The water was thought to be brought to the surface by groundwater upwelling5,6, and may represent the last vestiges of the widespread occurrence of liquid water on Mars. However, it is unclear why the surface waters were acidic. Here we use geochemical calculations, constrained by chemical and mineralogical data from the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity7,8,9,10, to show that Fe oxidation and the precipitation of oxidized iron (Fe3+) minerals generate excess acid with respect to the amount of base anions available in the rocks present in outcrop. We suggest that subsurface waters of near-neutral pH and rich in Fe2+ were rapidly acidified as iron was oxidized on exposure to O2 or photo-oxidized by ultraviolet radiation at the martian surface. Temporal variation in surface acidity would have been controlled by the availability of liquid water, and as such, low-pH fluids could be a natural consequence of the aridification of the martian surface. Finally, because iron oxidation at Meridiani would have generated large amounts of gaseous H2, ultimately derived from the reduction of H2O, we conclude that surface geochemical processes would have affected the redox state of the early martian atmosphere.

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Figure 1: Groundwater emergence at Meridiani Planum.
Figure 2: Oxidation timelines at Meridiani Planum.
Figure 3: Hydrogen-escape rates for Fe oxidation at Meridiani Planum.

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Acknowledgements

Research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (J.A.H., R.E.M.). This work was also supported by the California Institute of Technology (W.W.F.) and by an Origins Initiative Postdoctoral Fellowship (N.J.T.). The authors thank Y. Yung, N. Heavens and J. Wilson for constructive comments.

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Author notes

  1. Nicholas J. Tosca

    Present address: Present address: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK,

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MS 183-401, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA

    Joel A. Hurowitz & Ralph E. Milliken

  2. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, MC 100-23, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA

    Woodward W. Fischer

  3. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

    Nicholas J. Tosca

Authors
  1. Joel A. Hurowitz
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  2. Woodward W. Fischer
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  4. Ralph E. Milliken
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Contributions

J.A.H. carried out data analysis, modelling and wrote the paper, W.W.F. and J.A.H. conceived the study, N.J.T. and R.E.M. contributed to modelling and W.W.F., N.J.T. and R.E.M. contributed to writing.

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Correspondence to Joel A. Hurowitz or Nicholas J. Tosca.

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Hurowitz, J., Fischer, W., Tosca, N. et al. Origin of acidic surface waters and the evolution of atmospheric chemistry on early Mars. Nature Geosci 3, 323–326 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo831

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